BIOL130 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Sigma Factor, Ribonucleotide, Dna Replication

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limetrout312

10 Dec 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL130

Professor

Todd Holyoak

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Document Summary

From dna to protein: how cells read the genome. Transcription and translation > genetic instructions are expressed out. Genes can be expressed with different efficiencies. Portions of dna sequence are transcribed into rna. First step > copy the nucleotide sequence of that gene into rna > transcription. Rna is a linear polymer made of four different types of nucleotide subunits linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Differs from dna: 1) the nucleotides in rna are ribonucleotides > contain sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose; 2) rna contains uracil instead of thymine. Rna is single-stranded > can fold up into different shapes. Chemical structure-wise, rna contains an additional -oh group. Transcription produces rna complementary to one strand of dna. All the rna in a cell is made by transcription. A) rna contains the sugar ribose, which differs from deoxyribose, the sugar used in. Dna, by the presence of an additional -oh group.

Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

QUESTION 1. Compared to eukaryotic genomes, only prokaryotic genomes:

A. contain DNA organized by histones.

B. contain usually one, circular chromosome.

C. contain plasmid DNA.

D. have chromosomes contained in a nucleus.

QUESTION 2. Azathioprine is a drug that may be prescribed to transplant recipients to reduce the chance of tissue rejection reactions. In its active state, it acts as a purine analogue, inhibiting DNA biosynthesis. This means that 6-mercaptopurine will be inserted in place of a purine containing nucleotides during DNA replication. Given this drug's mode of action, you would expect it to be incorporated into DNA in place of:

A. nucleotides containing guanine or cytosine.

B. nucleotides containing adenine or thymine.

C nucleotides containing adenine or guanine.

D. nucleotides containing guanine nucleotide or uracil.

QUESTION 3. RNA is distinguished from DNA because only RNA:

A. typically exists as a single-stranded molecule.

B. has a 3' to 5' directionality.

C. is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.

D. is composed of nucleotides that contain the nitrogen bases T, C, G, and A.

QUESTION 4. How are RNA nucleotides different from DNA nucleotides? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. RNA nucleotides do not contain thymine.

B. RNA nucleotides use the sugar ribose, while DNA nucleotides do not.

C. RNA nucleotides lack phosphate.

D. RNA nucleotides incorporate pyrimidine nitrogen bases, while DNA nucleotides only incorporate purine nitrogen bases.

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from start to finish) in cellular fatty acid oxidation?

A. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

B. Beta-oxidationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activation

C. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

D. Carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activationÃ beta-oxidation

2. What reaction is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase, or lipase?

A. Hydrolysis of TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol

B. Hydrolysis of TAGs into amino acids and glycerol

C. Hydrolysis of cholesterol in to fatty acid and water

D. Hydrolysis of cholesterol into acetyl-CoA

3. How do fatty acids of different carbon lengths cross into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation?

A. Small FAs of 10 carbons or fewer can freely diffuse through the membrane

B. Large FAs are cleaved into two smaller units that are actively transported across the membrane

C. A membrane-bound transferase catalyzes the conversion of long-chain FAs and FA-carnitine esters, which are transported across the membrane via a specific carrier

D. The breakdown of large FAs starts outside the matrix, allowing for the smaller particles to pass easily through the membrane

4. How can any RNA nucleotide be easily distinguished from a DNA nucleotide?

A. RNA nucleotides have a unique phosphodiester bond linkage

B. RNA nucleotides have uracil nitrogenous bases

C. RNA nucleotides have an -OH on the 2â carbon of the ribose

D. RNA nucleotides cannot be easily distinguished from DNA nucleotides

5. Which of the following statement is true concerning the sequence pTACGTAACGTA?

A. This is an RNA sequence

B. In order to have a more rigid structure in a double-stranded molecule, the sequence given would need more adenosine

C. If the complementary strand were present, the number of purines would be equal to the number of pyrimidines

D. The amount of purines is equal to the amount to pyrimidines

6. Complementary base pairing is considered which level of structure?

A. Secondary

B. Tertiary

C. Quaternary

D. Primary

7. Which of the following is/are required for the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase III?

I. RNA primer

II. DNA primer

III. RNA template

IV. DNA template

V. NTPs

VI. dNTPs

VII. Magnesium

VIII. Calcium

A. II, IV, V, and VII

B. II, IV, VI, and VII

C. I, IV, V, and VIII

D. I, IV, VI, and VII

8. DNA polymerase I, from E. coli, has three different catalytic sites. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

9. Eukaryotes solve the problem of replicating the ends of their linear chromosomes by:

A. Using a protein as primer

B. Enzyme activity that uses an RNA template and reverse transcription in a series of repeat cycles

C. All of the listed solution

D. Terminal redundancy whereby each end of the chromosome is duplicated allowing recombination

BIOL130 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Sigma Factor, Ribonucleotide, Dna Replication

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