BIO152H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Carl Woese, Linnaean Taxonomy, Amule

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19 Aug 2013

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Biological science was founded with the development of : (1) the cell theory (2) the theory of evolution by natural selection. A phylogenetic tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships among species. Phylogenies can be established by analyzing similarities and differences in traits. Biologists ask questions, generate hypotheses to answer them, and design experiments that test the predictions made by competing hypotheses. The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection imply that all species come from preexisting species and that all species, past and present, trace their ancestry back to a single common ancestor. Speciation is a divergence process in which natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge to form new species. The tree of life is a family tree of organisms that describes the genealogical relationships among species with a single ancestral species at its base. Taxonomy is the effort to name and classify organisms.

Related Questions

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be âleft overâ from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that todayâs organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

QUESTION 3

Which of the following would NOT be a good method for sortingout the evolutionary relationships between a parrot, gorilla,hippopotamus, starfish, and catfish?

		comparing the skeletal anatomy
		examining the habitat in which these organisms live
		looking at embryos for common developmental patterns
		comparing the nucleotide sequence divergence of selectedgenes
		all of the above would provide useful information

10 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these habitats should have the highest number ofendemic species (found there and nowhere else).

		grasslands of the central United States
		Hawaiian islands
		Amazonian rainforest basin
		Mississippi river

10 points

QUESTION 5

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent withmodification through variation and natural selection" can bedemonstrated by which of the following examples?

		A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches. Theexercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck andlegs. This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe'soffspring.
		A monkey accidently drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay,she recovers the fruit and eats it. She discovers that the fruit iscleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water. Shecontinues to wash fruit in the bay before eating. Her offspring seewhat she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water.Soon the whole population is washing their fruit
		Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sandon a beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the othersare darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but oneby one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand coloredturtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes toa darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that arealso sand colored when they are born
		A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has theability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water.The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of preyand eaten

10 points

QUESTION 6

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands,allowing him to compare island species with continental species. Interms of framing his theory of evolution, why was thissignificant?

		Because the island species had both similarities to theircontinental ancestors and unique adaptations to their islandenvironments
		Because the island species no longer shared traits with theircontinental ancestors
		Because the species he saw on the islands had not changed fromtheir ancestral continental form
		Because the island species had very low reproductive andsurvival rates as compared with their continental ancestors

QuestionGroup: #31 Evolution

Assigned as

Homework

Which of the below statements is NOT TRUE about human evolution?

While the total number of species that existed and the relationships among hominids is still unknown, some of the extinct hominids known today, however, are almost certainly direct ancestors of Homo sapiens.

Human evolution follows the mechanisms of natural selection.

Humans evolved from biological processes that are different from the processes that caused the development of other life forms on earth.

Many of the hominid species are close relatives, but not human ancestors.

Most hominids went extinct without giving rise to other species.

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QuestionGroup: #32 Evolution2

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______________ explains the process by which traits helpful in survival and reproduction become progressively more common in a population over the course of many generations.

Secondary metabolism

Darwinian theory of evolution

Evolutionary arms race

Biodiversity

Lemarkian theory of evolution

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QuestionGroup: #33 Natural selection

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Which of the following is considered to be "the most fit "from an evolutionary perspective?

a tiger who cares for his cubs, two of who live to adulthood.

a tiger who has a harem of many tigresses and one cub.

a tiger who is successful at capturing prey but has no cubs.

a tiger who has many cubs, twelve of which live to adulthood and they subsequently have cubs of their own.

a tiger who overcomes a new disease and lives to have four cubs.

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QuestionGroup: #34 Natural selection 2

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Which of the following is NOT a process of artificial selection?

(1),(2)

(1),(2),(3)

(1) Variation of traits within individuals

(2) Variation in some inheritable traits

(3) Breeders select animals with favorable traits

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QuestionGroup: #35 Evolution & us

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For bipedal movement in primates to occur, which anatomical changes had to take place?

The spine had to have a characteristic single curve

Thigh bone slopes outward from the hip to knee, placing feet under the center of gravity

The surfaces of the joints in legs and between vertebrae are enlarged

All of these are true regarding upright bipedal movement

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QuestionGroup: #36 Evolution & us2

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Neanderthal hominoids had which of the following characteristics?

To make art

Ability to speak

Ability to speak, make art, and were bipedal

Bipedalism

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QuestionGroup: #37 CNS

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Increasing the amplitude of a sound wave does what to the sound?

increases the amplitude

increases the decibels

Increases the harmonics

Increases the volume

Increases the pitch

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QuestionGroup: #38 CNS2

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Juan Manuel Marquez delivered a knockout punch to Manny Pacquiao. Manny cannot remember events that happened before the knock-out. What is this an example of?

Alzheimer's disease

Anterograde amnesia

Psychogenic amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

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QuestionGroup: #39 PNS

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The receptor hair cells in the cochlea respond to the frequency and amplitude of sound. Which group of receptors are most sensitive to sound?

Only those receptors that we normally do not use

Those that respond to low frequencies

Receptors respond equally to all frequencies.

Those that respond to high frequencies

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QuestionGroup: #40 Smooth/skeletal

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During skeletal muscle contraction where does ATP function?

Forms the cross bridges

Attaches to myosin

Causes the thick filaments to form thin filaments

Attaches to actin

BIO152H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Carl Woese, Linnaean Taxonomy, Amule

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