PSY333H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Parasympathetic Nervous System, Ketone Bodies, Glycerol
PSY333 CHAPTER 4 – STRESS, METABOLISM, AND LIQUIDATING YOUR ASSETS
Putting Energy in the Bank
- Complex food proteins are broken down into its simplest parts (molecules)
o Amino acids – the building blocks of protein
o Simple sugars ex. Glucose – building blocks of more complex sugars and of starches
[carbohydrates] and free fatty acids and glycerol – the constituents of fat
- Accomplished in gastrointestinal tract by enzymes (chemicals that can degrade more complex
molecules)
- Simple building blocks are absorbed into the bloodstream for delivery to whichever cells in the body
need them
- Simple building blocks (especially fatty acids and sugars) can be burned by the body to provide the
energy to all the construction and to operate those new structures afterward
- “uplus eegy is ot kept i the ody’s iulatig aio aids, glucose, and fatty acids
o But stored in more complex forms
▪ Enzymes in fat cells can combine fatty acids and glycerol to form triglycerides
▪ Cells can stick series of glucose molecules together
• Long chains – glycogen
o Most glycogen formation occurs in muscles and liver
▪ Enzymes in cells throughout the body can combine long strings of amino acids – protein
o Insulin – stimulates the transport and storage of these building blocks into target cells
(hormone)
▪ Secreted by pancreas
• Stimulates transport of fatty acids into fat cells, glycogen, and protein synthesis
▪ Secrete insulin when we are about to fill our bloodstream with nutritive building blocks
▪ Parasympathetic nervous system that stimulates anticipatory secretion
What you stick in your
mouth
How it winds up in your
bloodstream
How it gets stored if you
have a surplus
How it gets mobilized in
stressful emergency
Proteins →
Amino acids →
Protein →
Amino acids
Starch, sugars,
carbohydrates →
Glucose →
Glycogen →
Glucose
Fat →
Fatty acids and glycerol
→
Triglycerides →
Fatty acids, glycerol,
ketone bodies
Emptying the Bank Account: Energy Mobilization During a Stressor
- Onset of stressful emergency, secrete glucocorticoids (block transport of nutrients into fat cells)
o Counteracts the effects of any insulin still floating around
- Want body to gain access to the energy already stored
o Body reverses all of the storage steps through the release of stress hormones glucocorticoids,
glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
▪ Cause triglycerides to be broken down in the fat cells, and as a result, free fatty acids
and glycerol pour into circulatory system
▪ Trigger the degradation of glycogen to glucose in cells throughout the body, and glucose
is flushed into bloodstream
▪ Cause protein in non-exercising muscle to be converted back to individual amino acids
o Amino acids not a good source of energy, but glucose is
▪ Shunts circulating amino acids to liver, where they are converted to glucose
• Liver can also generate new glucose – gluconeogenesis
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Document Summary
Psy333 chapter 4 stress, metabolism, and liquidating your assets. Complex food proteins are broken down into its simplest parts (molecules: amino acids the building blocks of protein, simple sugars ex. Glucose building blocks of more complex sugars and of starches. [carbohydrates] and free fatty acids and glycerol the constituents of fat. Accomplished in gastrointestinal tract by enzymes (chemicals that can degrade more complex molecules) Simple building blocks are absorbed into the bloodstream for delivery to whichever cells in the body need them. Simple building blocks (especially fatty acids and sugars) can be burned by the body to provide the energy to all the construction and to operate those new structures afterward. How it gets stored if you have a surplus. Emptying the bank account: energy mobilization during a stressor. Onset of stressful emergency, secrete glucocorticoids (block transport of nutrients into fat cells: counteracts the effects of any insulin still floating around.
