BIOB51H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Thermoregulation, Daphne Major, Macroevolution

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24 Oct 2012

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Chapter 10 studying adaptation: evolutionary analysis of form and. A trait that increases the fitness of its possessor is called an adaptation. Adaptationist program demonstrating that the traits of organisms are indeed adaptations. 10. 1 all hypotheses must be tested: oxpeckers reconsidered. Oxpeckers and cattle are thought of to have a mutual relationship, where the oxpeckers feed on the ticks that are found on the cattle and the cattle gets cleaned. However closer analysis reveals that the oxpeckers occasionally eat the ticks but the ticks have indigestible material that is sometimes regurgitated by the birds. The birds do lick blood from a wound, probes the host"s ear (for wax) and scissors the host"s hair (for dead cells). Although the cattle attempts to shoo them off it hardly ever works. Experiment: there were to treatments: cattle with the oxpeckers and cattle without oxpeckers. The experiment showed that oxpeckers have no discernable effect on their host"s tick loads.

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Objectives

By the end of this epilogue you should be able to:
- Identify the specific criteria required for a trait to beconsidered an adaptation.
- Identify alternative hypotheses to a trait being anadaptation.
  
  Phil was amazed at the amount of research that had been done oncapsaicin in chilies. After his experience with las alas delDiablo, he certainly knew about the pungency and the role indeterring animals from eating the seeds, but was amazed at theother effects, some of which could increase the fitness of chiliplants. Capsaicin is toxic to a variety of fungi and bacteria thatcan reduce seed viability (Tewksbury et al., 2008a). In populationsof wild chilies, capsaicin was shown to protect seeds from beingkilled by a fungal infection (Tewksbury et al., 2008a). As well,capsaicin slows the passage of chili seeds through the guts ofbirds that eat chilies (Tewksbury et al., 2008b). For some chilies,slow- ing the rate of passage through the birds gut increases seedviability and germination. Who knew that one chemical produced by aplant could do so many things.
- What criteria should be met to support the hypothesis âCapsaicinproduction is an adaptation to deter animals that kill seeds fromeating chilies?â

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An adaptation or adaptive trait is a trait/characteristic that has evolved in a population of organisms which provides a functional advantage. Adaptations increase the biological fitness of a population. Fitness is defined as the ability to survive and pass genes on to subsequent generations. For the purposes of this assignment, you are to choose an adaptive trait common to more than one species. For example, birds and bats both have wings. Write a 2-3 page (500 â 750 words, 12 point font) paper including the following elements. Be sure to compose your work with your own words. Do not copy and paste from any source. Describe what makes this trait an adaptation. Briefly describe how the trait evolved; e.g., mutation, genetic drift, migration and/or natural selection. Be sure to support your answer with evidence. What is the difference between homologous and analogous traits? How does your trait of choice fit either of these descriptions? What is convergent and divergent evolution? Describe whether the trait is a result of convergent or divergent evolution. Use in-text citation and provide source references for at least 3 sources. The textbook can be one source. When citing articles or other types of documents, follow standard guidelines as introduced on "Citing references in scientific research papers".

scientists have been studying ways to increase numbers of newpopulations of the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.Previous research has shown that the woodpecker prefer to colonizeforests with naturally existing nesting holes, rarelymoving into new territories with no holes. Scientists wondered ifbirds would move into new sites if they included trees withartificially constructed nesting cavaties. Theyhypothesized that birds would colonize these forests withartificially constructed cavaties. Desribe a possible experiment totest the hypothesis, including a control. State a prediction.

Experiment:

Control:

Prediction:

BIOB51H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Thermoregulation, Daphne Major, Macroevolution

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