MDSA01H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Pyrimidine Dimer, Transposase, Restriction Site
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Part B
Think about the DNA coding sequence of a gene. If an A were swapped for a T, what kind of mutation could it cause and why?
a) It could cause a frameshift nonsense or frameshift missense mutation because it would change the reading frame of the codon triplet. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b) It could cause a silent, missense, or nonsense mutation because those are the types that can be caused by a nucleotide-pair substitution like this one. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c) It could cause a nonsense mutation because the sequence would no longer be the same, so the protein would be shorter and non-functional. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d) It could cause a silent mutation because A and T are complementary to each other so it is not really a substitution mutation. Part C Why is a frameshift missense mutation more likely to have a severe effect on phenotype than a nucleotide-pair substitution missense mutation in the same protein?
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GENETICS QUESTION: For this experiment we focused on forward genetics: First, his- mutants were identified and then complementation analysis was used in order to determine which of the 7 his genes was mutated. ( The exact data can be seen at the bottom). In this experiment we screened for his- mutants that were generated via a random mutation process resulting from errors in DNA replication or induced by EMS aka Ethyl methanesulfonate. We compared a mutagenized culture that was treated with EMS and an un-mutagenized culture that was not treated with EMS. However, both cultures went trhough an enrichment process to increase the frequency of his- mutants.
Point mutations involve the substitution of one type of base pair for another. If the substitution replaces a purine with a purine (or a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine), it is called a transition. If the substitution replaces a purine with a pyrimidine (or a pyrimidine with a purine), it is called a transversion. Many mutagenic chemicals cause this type of mutation by alkylation of a nucleotide base. The chemically altered base can then be misread during replication or repair. For example the mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), adds an ethyl (-CH2-CH3) group to both guanine or thymine bases causing the modified guanine to pair with thymine and the modified thymine to pair with guanine.
1. Why might one gene be more susceptible to EMS mutagenesis than another gene?
2. Why might we have expected to find a higher frequency of polar mutants (his4A-B-C-) in the unmutagenized culture compared to the mutagenized culture?
Table 2. Experiment 1B class data summary (number of his-mutants by section) Unmutagenized | |||||||||||
Section | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4ABC | 4A | 4B | 4C | 5 | 6 | 7 | Total his- mutants |
Tuesday | 7 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 35 |
Wednesday | 2 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 39 |
Total | 9 | 2 | 19 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 74 |
% each mutant | 12.1 | 2.7 | 25.7 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 4.1 | 14.9 | 8.1 | 14.9 | 4.1 | ~100% |
Mutagenized | |||||||||||
Section | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4ABC | 4A | 4B | 4C | 5 | 6 | 7 | Total his- mutants |
Tuesday | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 34 |
Wednesday | 9 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 52 |
Total | 11 | 6 | 19 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 86 |
% each mutant | 12.8 | 7.0 | 22.1 | 2.3 | 17.4 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 2.3 | 15.1 | 5.8 | ~100% |