CHM136H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1.5-1.6: Orbital Hybridisation, Atomic Orbital, Linus Pauling

41 views3 pages

indigoimpala355

15 Jan 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

skyelephant476 and 39509 others unlocked

CHM136H1 Full Course Notes

Verified Note

34 documents

Document Summary

Two models have been developed to describe covalent bonding: valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory. Each model has its strengths and weaknesses, and chemists tend to use them interchangeably depending on the circumstances: valence bond theory is the more easily visualized of the two. According to valence bond theory , a covalent bond forms when two atoms approach each other closely and a singly occupied orbital on one atom overlaps a singly occupied orbital on the other atom. Such bonds, which are formed by the head on overlap of two atomic orbitals along a line drawn between the nuclei, are called: in other words, the h h bond is cylindrically symmetrical. If the two nuclei of the h2 molecule are too close, they will repel: thus, there is an optimum distance between nuclei that leads to maximum stability has a bond strength of 436 kj/mol. In other words, 436 kj/mol of energy would be needed to put into.

Related Questions

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. In the benzene molecule, carbon atoms form a ring with alternating single and double bonds connecting them. Thus, each individual carbon atom forms one ? bond with another carbon atom and one ? and one ? bond with another carbon atom. Each carbon atom also forms one ? bond with a hydrogen atom. Identify which types of orbitals overlap to form the bonds between the atoms in a benzene molecule. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

Attached is picture. Please explain/show work, will give 5 stars to correct answer, thank you very much! :)

Chemical bonds are formed by linear combinations of atomic orbital's. These atomic orbital's should have compatible energies. An axial overlap of these orbitals results in the formation of a sigma bond, whereas a lateral overlap results in the formation of a pi bond. When two atomic orbitai's on different atoms approach each other, two molecular orbital's are formed: one bonding molecular orbital and one antibonding molecular orbital. The bonding molecular orbital has a lower energy than the corresponding atomic orbital's: antibonding orbital's have higher energies than the corresponding atomic orbital's. An example using the hydrogen molecule is shown here. However, the same rule applies to systems with multiple atomic orbital's. For each atomic orbital that overlaps, one molecular orbital must form. In the diagram below. 1s orbitais from two hydrogen atoms combine to form one bonding sigma1 orbital and one antibonding orbital. The total number of bonding and antibonding orbital's is always equal to the number of orbital's that overlap. Similarly, molecular orbital's can also be formed by the overlapping of hybrid orbital's. The hybrid orbital's are formed by the linear combination of different atomic orbital's of nearly equal energy on the same atom. The atomic orbital's of nearly equal energy undergo a process of mixing and reorientation to form new orbital's of lower energy. This process is called hybridization For example, hybridization of one s and two p orbital's on an atom forms three sp2 hybrid orbital's. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. In the benzene molecule, carbon atoms form a ring with alternating single and double bonds connecting them. Thus, each individual carbon atom forms one sigma bond with another carbon atom and one sigma and one pi bond with another carbon atom. Each carbon atom also forms one sigma bond with a hydrogen atom. Identify which types of orbital's overlap to form the bonds between the atoms in a benzene molecule.

8 which of the following solids would have the highest melting point? ( 1) KI (2) KBr (3) KCI (4) KF 9. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms together within a water molecule? (1) polar ionic bond(3) non polar covalent bond (4) coordinate covalent bond 10. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (i.e., highest percent ionic character)? (1) A -CI (2) Si- (3)Al- (4) SI-Ci 11. The total number of valence electrons in the ion SO is (1)32 (2)28 (3)30 (4) 26 12. The Lewis structure reveals a double bond in which of the following molecules? (1)N (2) Br (3) CS: (4) CaHe 13. The Lewis structure reveals an unpaired electron (free radical) in which of the following species? () NO (2)N:O (3) NO (4) NO 14. The number of lone electron pairs in the CIO ion is (1) 12 (2)16 (3)4 (4)0 15. The formal charge on the bromine atom in BrOs drawn with three single bonds is (1)*2 16. Which of the elements listed below would most likely form a polar covalent bond when bonded to sulfur? 17. Give the number of lone pairs around the central atom and the molecular geometry of SeF(1)0 lone 18. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, two separate 1s orbitals interact to form what molecular orbital(l)? 19. The Lewis dot symbol for the S-ion is (2)-1 (1) K (2) Mg (3)C (4)o pairs, tetrahedral (2) 1 lone pair, square pyramidal (3) 1 lone pair, tetrahedral (4) 1 lone pair, distorted tetrahedron (seesaw) (1)oonly (2) Ï only (3) Ï and Ï. (4) Ï and Ï. 2- 20. Which of the following molecules has polar bonds but is a nonpolar molecule? (1) CO (2) Cla 21. Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry of the SFe molecule. (1) trigonal bipyramidal (2) bent 22. The geometry of the hybrid orbitals about a central atom with sp hybridization is (1) linear (2) bent 23. Which of the following molecules have the same geometries? (1) CO2 and BeHa (2) SFa and CHe 24. According to the VSEPR theory, which one of the following species is linear? (1)HaS (2) SO2 25. Which of the following substances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure? (1) CO2 26. Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule. (1) linear, polar (2) linear, nonpolar (3) SO (4) HBr (3) trigonal planar (4) octahedral (3) trigonal planar(4) tetrahedral (3) CO2 and NO2 (4) N2O and NO2 (3) BFs (4) BeF2 (2) NO (3) Cl2 (4) BrCI (3) bent, nonpolar (4) bent, polar

Show transcribed image text 8 which of the following solids would have the highest melting point? ( 1) KI (2) KBr (3) KCI (4) KF 9. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms together within a water molecule? (1) polar ionic bond(3) non polar covalent bond (4) coordinate covalent bond 10. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (i.e., highest percent ionic character)? (1) A -CI (2) Si- (3)Al- (4) SI-Ci 11. The total number of valence electrons in the ion SO is (1)32 (2)28 (3)30 (4) 26 12. The Lewis structure reveals a double bond in which of the following molecules? (1)N (2) Br (3) CS: (4) CaHe 13. The Lewis structure reveals an unpaired electron (free radical) in which of the following species? () NO (2)N:O (3) NO (4) NO 14. The number of lone electron pairs in the CIO ion is (1) 12 (2)16 (3)4 (4)0 15. The formal charge on the bromine atom in BrOs drawn with three single bonds is (1)*2 16. Which of the elements listed below would most likely form a polar covalent bond when bonded to sulfur? 17. Give the number of lone pairs around the central atom and the molecular geometry of SeF(1)0 lone 18. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, two separate 1s orbitals interact to form what molecular orbital(l)? 19. The Lewis dot symbol for the S-ion is (2)-1 (1) K (2) Mg (3)C (4)o pairs, tetrahedral (2) 1 lone pair, square pyramidal (3) 1 lone pair, tetrahedral (4) 1 lone pair, distorted tetrahedron (seesaw) (1)oonly (2) Ï only (3) Ï and Ï. (4) Ï and Ï. 2- 20. Which of the following molecules has polar bonds but is a nonpolar molecule? (1) CO (2) Cla 21. Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry of the SFe molecule. (1) trigonal bipyramidal (2) bent 22. The geometry of the hybrid orbitals about a central atom with sp hybridization is (1) linear (2) bent 23. Which of the following molecules have the same geometries? (1) CO2 and BeHa (2) SFa and CHe 24. According to the VSEPR theory, which one of the following species is linear? (1)HaS (2) SO2 25. Which of the following substances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure? (1) CO2 26. Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule. (1) linear, polar (2) linear, nonpolar (3) SO (4) HBr (3) trigonal planar (4) octahedral (3) trigonal planar(4) tetrahedral (3) CO2 and NO2 (4) N2O and NO2 (3) BFs (4) BeF2 (2) NO (3) Cl2 (4) BrCI (3) bent, nonpolar (4) bent, polar

CHM136H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1.5-1.6: Orbital Hybridisation, Atomic Orbital, Linus Pauling

CHM136H1 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

CHM136H1 Midterm: CHM136 Notes

CHM136H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Valence Bond Theory, Orbital Hybridisation, Archibald Scott Couper

CHM136H1 Lecture : Tutorial 1.pdf

Related Questions