Health Sciences 2801A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter G: Paradigm Shift, Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper
4 Dec 2017
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For example, the observation of one black swan is sufficient to falsify the universal statement that all swans are white. Normal science and extraordinary science: most of the time, scientists do not abandon a hypothesis when it is contradicted in an experiment. For a chemist in the early 1700s, the concept of water referred to the liquid that fell from the clouds as rain, and formed streams, lakes, and seas. However, following the chemical revolution of the late. 1700s, chemists came to recognize that all substances could exist in three different states (solid, liquid, gas: this fundamental change in how chemists thought about substances had many consequences. One consequence was that the concept of water changed to include ice, snow, and water vapour. Scientific reasoning: according to the philosopher carol cleland, there are two different methods of scientific reasoning. In experimental science, a researcher manipulates the presumed cause and hypothesizes what effects will result.
