BIOL 1000 Chapter Notes -Peripheral Membrane Protein, Lipid Bilayer, Fluid Mosaic Model
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Part A
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
only water loss |
fluid loss with electrolyte concentrations remaining normal |
severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance |
only electrolyte loss |
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Part B
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
chloride channel protein |
sodium pump |
ATP dependent sodium/potassium pump |
potassium pump |
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Part C
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
potassium |
calcium |
water |
sodium |
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Part D
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
G proteinâlinked receptors |
potassium pump |
enzyme-linked receptors |
sodium pump |
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Part E
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
guanylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
adenylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
guanylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
adenylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
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Part F
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G proteinâlinked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G proteinâlinked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G proteinâlinked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G proteinâlinked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
diacylglycerol |
inositol triphosphate |
G protein |
cyclic AMP |
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Part G
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
A; G protein; chloride |
B; G protein; chloride |
B; inositol triphosphate; calcium |
A; diacylglycerol; chloride |
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Part H
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
allow; thick |
allow; thin |
prevent, thin |
prevent; thick |
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Part I
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
ganglioside |
protein |
phospholipid |
AMP |
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Part J
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
never travel to underdeveloped countries |
provide properly treated water supplies |
give everyone antibiotics |
give everyone antacids |
alkalosis homeostasis cryogenesis |
carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids |
water is adhesive water istransparent water expands when itfreezes |
reaction initiation activation |
cytoplasm mitochondria nucleus |
oxygen and sugars proteins and sugars carbon dioxide andoxygen |
pigments, products products, reactants elements, atoms |
ATP starch glycogen |
fats steroids amino acids |
Kreb's cycle acetyl-CoAformation electron transportchain |
fermentation the Kreb cycle the electron transportchain |
Cool the reactants. Decrease the pH. Add an enzyme(catalyst). |
nucleus mitochondria a cell membrane |
cell walls chromosomes mitochondria |
osmosis active transport passive transport |
ribosome mitochondrion cytoskeleton |
diffusion active transport passive transport |
lipids proteins carbohydrates |
neither take up water orlose water take up water andswell transport water into thecell by active transport. |
lipid storage DNA replication photosynthesis |
chromosome movementduring mitosis protein synthesis ATP production |
metaphase anaphase telophase |
metaphase anaphase telophase |
metaphase anaphase telophase |
Synthesis phase (S) G1 cytokinesis |
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each 2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each 2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each |
10 20 Not enough informationprovided |
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity |
are in Interphase are in metaphase are undergoingMeiosis |
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome. |
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U |