CHEM 101L Chapter Notes - Chapter 1.6: Covalent Bond

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ceruleantortoise232

23 Aug 2016

School

CSUN

Department

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Course

CHEM 101L

Professor

Dr.Nguyen- Graff

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Document Summary

Chem 101: understanding the structure of molecules and its importance. As i have stated in a previous lesson (lesson 6), the type of bond that a molecule forms is not the only factor that goes into account when it comes to the other physical properties of molecules. The structure of the molecule determines greatly how easy it is to break it. Let"s take a real world example first before getting all science talk. With a little push, person 1"s house would be easily destroyed, as well as person 2"s, but person 3 would probably be harder to destroy with little effort. But they all used the same materials, so why is person 3"s stronger than 1 and 2? well that is because of how it was built, or in other words its structure. Now let"s take a science example of graphite and diamond. Well that is, again, because of its structure.

Related Questions

I'm developing a cell-based assay in 96-well plates thatrequires adherent cells, as they need to be washed at least twiceduring the protocol. I'm using in-house strains of HT1080 cells(some overexpressing a certain protein of interest) thatunfortunately have been selected for suspension growth inchemically-defined media (50/50 CD-CHO/CD-293). I can convince themto adhere by culturing in DMEM with 10% FBS and growing them inCELLBind flasks, but they still tend to pull away if there is verymuch shearing force, such as during the wash steps, or when they'rein PBS during the assay wash and incubation steps (maybe 2 hourstotal for now, I'm still optimizing that).

Unfortunately, the parameters of my experiments don't allow meto keep the cells in serum-containing media during the assay, as itwould interfere with the uptake of my drug. Like I've said, when inPBS they start detaching, and I would assume the same in HBSS,which I don't really want to use anyway due to its low bufferingcapacity in CO2 incubators.

Might DMEM alone (without FBS) provide a little more impetus tostay attached during the assay? What would the effect be ofincreasing the amount of FBS to say 15 or 20% during culturing -would that promote stronger attachment? I'm a little hesitant tocoat the wells with poly-D-lysine, as my readout is on afluorescent imager, and I'm worried it would substantially increasebackground. I don't really have enough time to re-select the cellsfor adherent growth (although if I'd known about these issues frommy predecessor 3 or 4 months ago I would have started rightaway...), so are there any other tricks I can try in the meantime?Are there any media supplements I could use to promote adherinexpression or something like that? Any tips or advice at all wouldbe appreciated.

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?