BIOL 1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Gibbs Free Energy, Chemical Energy, Exergonic Reaction

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lilactoad292

3 Dec 2016

School

Northeastern University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 1101

Professor

Mc Elligott Missy

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Document Summary

Organisms have 2 ways of harvesting energy from their environment and 2 sources of carbon > together this means that there are 4 principal ways in which organisms acquire the energy and materials needed to grow/function/reproduce. Photoheterotrophs= microorganisms that gain energy from sunlight but obtain carbon from preformed organic molecules. Chemoautotrophs= microorganisms that extract energy from inorganic sources but build their own organic molecules. Catabolism= set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller unites and produce atp. Anabolism= set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units and require an input of energy (usually atp) Chemical energy (a form of potential energy: chemical energy= potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule, more stable con guration > one with lower potential energy. Breaking covalent bonds requires energy (going from a lower energy state to a higher one requires input of energy)

Related Questions

1) A chemoautotroph would use _____ as an energy source.

A	carbon dioxide

B	chemical bonds within high energy molecules

sunlight

D	heat energy

2) A photoheterotroph would use _____ as a source of carbon atoms.

A	high energy organic molecules (e.g., sugars)

sunlight

C	carbon dioxide

D	inorganic molecules

3) Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____.

A	their electron acceptors

B	their mode of nutrition

C	the way that they generate ATP

D	their sources of energy

Autotrophs, e.g., ______________, acquire energy from _________ in a process called_______________. They convert this energy to energy stored in ___________ ___________. When needed, they _____________ these to __________ and __________. In this process, _____________________________________________.

Heterotrophs, e.g., ___________, acquire energy from ________________. In their digestive tract they break down ___________________ to _____________. The latter are then imported into cells and oxidized to CO2 and water. In this process, ADP is ________________ to ATP.
Use these terms: zebras, orchids, carbon dioxide, sunlight, break down, macromolecules, photosynthesis, eating organic molecules, monomers, converted, chemical bonds, ATP is made, water

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight
A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals
A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy
A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

orchidherring991

BIOL 1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Gibbs Free Energy, Chemical Energy, Exergonic Reaction

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