FIN 3504 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: Capital Structure, Internal Financing

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4 Aug 2016

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* changing capital structure issue bonds to buyback stock; (d/e) ratio increases issue stock to payoff debt; (d/e) ratio decreases value of firm is max when wacc is minimized. * ebit increases, leverage is beneficial homemade leverage: use of personal borrowing to change the overall amount of financial leverage exposed to an individual investors can always increase fin ancial leverage themselves to create a different pattern of payoffs. * m&m proposition 1: value of the firm is independent of the firm"s capital structure pie: size does not depend on how its cut left side of balance sheet is same; right d & e is different. * m&m proposition 2: a firm"s cost of equity capital is a positive linear function of the firm"s capital structure. * corporate taxes firm is better off with debt. * bankruptcy as (d/e) increases, probability of being unable to pay back bondholders increases ownership of assets from stockholders to bondholders.

Related Questions

Which of the following statements is most correct?

		If a firm is exposed to a high degree of business risk as a result of its high operating leverage, then it probably should offset this risk by using a larger-than-average amount of financial leverage. This follows because debt has a lower after-tax cost than equity.
		Financial risk can be reduced by replacing common equity with preferred stock.
		The Hamada equation specifies the effect of financial leverage on beta. It shows how increases in the debt/equity ratio lowers beta.
		In the textbook, it was stated that the capital structure that minimizes the WACC also maximizes the firmâs stock price and its total value, but generally not its expected EPS. One reason given for why debt is beneficial is that it shelters operating income from taxes, while it was stated that a disadvantage of excessive debt has to do with costs associated with bankruptcy and financial distress generally.
		All of the above statements are false.

Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (M & M) are two very famous financial economists that both won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their work in the finance area, particularly in capital structure theories (see the Description of this in the box on page 504 of your text). In their famous 1958 article (see footnote on page 490), they argued that with perfect capital markets, the total value of a firm should not depend on its capital structure. In other words, the total value of a firm would be the same with all equity, or financing with 100% debt. This is the basic MM Proposition I stated on p.493. But, as you should see, the "perfect capital markets" assumes 3 key assumptions, including no taxes or transactions costs dealing with equity or debt. Additionally, a key assumption is that individuals and firms can trade the same set of securities at competitive market prices equal to the present value of their future cash flows. These assumptions are necessary for the M&M theory on capital structure. For the Proposition M&M II beginning on page 498, still in a perfect capital market which includes no taxes, M&M state that the cost of capital of EQUITY increases with the firm's market value debt-equity ratio. But, when you examine this Proposition more closely, for a new investment the cost of capital will equal the weighted average of the firm's equity and debt costs. What does this mean in practical terms? It means that M&M "loosens" a part of the Proposition I, and admit that the cost of equity does increase as the debt-equity ratio increases. But, if you examine this closely, it means that the OVERALL cost of capital, captured in the WACC stays constant. And, the pre-tax WACC is the same as the after-tax WACC, since there is no tax! If the WACC stays constant while the equity cost increases, the figure also shows that the debt costs are also going up; similarly, if the equity costs are going down, then the debt costs are going down also as the debt-to-value decreases. This is shown on page 500 in Figure 14.1. And, of course, the weights of debt and equity (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, 100/0) count. But, in the real-world, the M&M Propositions do not hold....corporations and individuals do have taxes, and do have transactions costs for debt and equity...buying bonds and stocks, for example. So, as we have learned, the Beta coefficient for equity does increase as the amount of debt level increases (due to increasing risks of default of interest payments or repayment of the bonds at maturity)...and the costs of debt increase, but as we weight those, the WACC actually varies, based on the real-world that includes taxes....we normally see the WACC being a U-shaped curved that varies as a function of the debt to equity ratio.

Questions:

1. Discuss the MM Proposition I and MM Proposition II (definition, assumptions, results and implications)? Remember, at the MBA level, more is better. But, to the point, and no "hot air."

2. Assume you are doing a financial analysis for Kroger Inc. Here is one of the income statements that you analyze (all figures in $ Millions):

Which year does Kroger Incorporation have the highest tax shield and why? Be very specific.

Year	2006	2005	2004
Total Sales	60,553	56,434	53,791
Cost of goods sold	45,565	42,140	39,637
Selling, general & admin expenses	11,688	12,191	11,575
Depreciation	1265	1256	1209
Operating Income	2035	847	1370
Other Income	0	0	0
EBIT	2035	847	1370
Interest expense	510	557	604
Earnings before tax	1525	290	766
Taxes (35%)	534	102	268
Net Income	991	189	498

1.Ellison corporation acquires redstone corporation because redston has unused production facilities that Ellison needs. This is an example of

a.diversification

b. vertical integration

c. Horizontal integration

d. None of the above

2. Synergy may result from which of the following?

a. Enhanced cash flow

b. Diversification

c. Excess cash

d. All of the above

3.Which of the following is not a qualitative factor?

a. Product users

b. Industry maturity

c. Sales of growth

d. Barriers to entry

e. None of the above

4.Present value calculations

a. Can help the creation of value

b. Can provide managers with a means of identifying the best investment choices.

c. Do not help in the creation of value

d. A and b

e. B and c

5. Which of the following ratios makes firm comparisons difficult?

1. EPS

2. Payout

3. Return on assets

4. ROE

5. None of the above

6. Breakeven EBIT analysis leads to

a. Issuance of debt

b. Issuance of stock

c. Both a and b

d. Either a or b

e. None of the above

7. If the bondâs coupon rate is greater than the general interest rates in the market, the bond will set at a

A. premium

b. discount

c. neither a nor b

8. As the interest rate used to discount future cash flows is decreased, present value of the future inflows

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Stays the same

9. The ______________ matches revenues with expenses for the entire accounting period

a. Balance sheet

b. Cash flow statement

c. Statement of retained earnings

d. Income statement

e. None of the above

10. What performing sensitivity analysis

a. Statistical methods should not be employed

b. Electronic spreadsheets make the job more manageable

c. Assumptions should be changed one at a time

d. All of the above

e. B and c

11.Jones is saving for a new outboard motor. He needs to have 10,000 4 years from now. How much must he set aside not have 10,000, 4 years from now if money compounds at 12% annually.

a.$6310

b. $6355

c. $6332

d. $6106

e. None of the above

12.A firms dividend policy impacts the firmâs ability to finance through

a. Retained earnings

b.Stock issue

c. Long term debt

d. None of the above

13. Synergy between two companies

a. Is the complimentary situation where value is created in the joining o the firms

b. May result in the improvement of the acquirers bottom line

c. Could be defined by purely qualitative benefits

d. A and c

e. B and c

15. The percentage of net income that a company distribution in dividends is referred to as the

a. EPS

b. Payout ratio

c. ROA

d. ROE

e. None of the above

16. The statement that shows investment is the firms and the distributions to owners is the

a. Income statement

b. Balance sheet

c. Statement of retained earnings

d. None of the above

17. Which of the following methods results in a net present value of zero?

a. IRR

b. Payback

c. Discounted payback

d. None of the above

18. Ivy company acquires Reynolds company. Reynolds is in a totally unrelated business to Ivy. This is an example of

a. Vertical integration

b. Horizontal integration

c. Diversification

d. None of the above

19. Which of the following limits a firmâs ability to raise equity through retained earnings?

a. Set divided policy

b. Low p/e

c. High p/e

d. None of the above

20. Testing the validity of your calculations by subjecting them to change is known as

a. Qualitative testing

b. Horizontal analysis

c. Vertical analysis

d. Sensitivity analysis

e. None of the above

21. Gadsen acquires digital corporation which is upstream in the marketing chain. This is an example of

a. Diversification

b. Vertical integration

c. Horizontal integration

d. None of the above

22. Which of the following methods help to âsizeâ the investment?

a. Payback

b. Present value payback

c. Present value index

d. IRR

e. None of the above

22. Aspect company acquires Penn company which is downstream in the production chain. This is an example of

a. Diversification

b. Vertical integration

c. Hortizontal integration

d. None of the above

23.The âefficient marketâ theory means to be reasonable because

a.There are fewer financial analysts valuing securities

b.There are hundreds of investors trying to make money from improperly valued securities, and the market forces which result in driving stock prices to fair value.

c. A and b

d. None of the above

24. Economic value is the same as

a. Book value/ net asset value

b. Owners equity

c. None of the above

25.When projected assets are more than projected liabilities and owners equity the plug will be

a. Notes payable

b. Notes receivable

c. Cash

d. None of the above

26. In a new issue, the ____ are those funds that remain after the neccessry fees have been deducted

a.Working capital

b.Free cash flow

c.Net proceeds

d.None of the above

27.A discount factor

a.Is the same as compounding future cash flows

b.Performs the reverse function of a compounding interest rate

c.Allows investors to quantify a figure which will assist them in comparing alternative investments

d.B and c

e.A, b, and c

28.Which of the following ratios is not a liquidity ratio?

a.ROE

b.Current

c.Quick

d.Receivable turnover

e.None of the above

29.Adrian Ardeel is saving for a new guitar. How much must Adrian set aside now to receive $4000, 7 years from now using a compound interest rate of 7% annually.

a.$2400

b.$2491

c.$2411

d.$2500

e.None of the above

30.The bondâs yield to maturity calculation is similar to a ______ calculation

a.NPV

b.IRR

c.Payback

d.Discounted payback

e.None of the above

31.Eric sets aside $100. If this money compounds at a 5%annual rate how much will Eric have 6 years from now?

a.$110

b.$121

c.$134

d.$138

e.None of the above

32.Which of the following methods does not consider the time value of money?

a.IRR

b.NPV

c.Payback

d.None of the above

33.Assessing key ratios of the company is an example of

a.Qualitative analysis

b.Quantitative analysis

c.Price level effect

d.Fixed cost

e.None of the above

34.The ratio which may observers use to quantify the stock markets opinion of a firm is the

a.ROE

b.EPS

c.D/E

d.P/E

e.None of the above

35.A bond which is valued at par has a yield to maturity which is _____ to its coupon rate

a.Equal to

b.Greater than

c.Less than

d.None of the above

36.Many coverage ratios include

a.Sinking fund obligations

b.Dividends

c.Both a and b

d.None of the above

37.The cost of capital can be defined as

a.The weighted average cost of attracting investors to the firm

b.The price of obtaining funding for the firm weighed according to target ratios in the capital structure

c.Less than the weighted average that investors in the firm require

d.A and b

e.A, b, and c

38.Most bonds pay interest

a.Monthly

b.Quarterly

c.Semiannually

d.Annually

e.None of the above

39.The quantitative method that often serves as an indicator of a firms ability to meet contractual obligations is

a.Receivables turnover

b.Inventory turnover

c.ROE

d.Coverage ratio

e.None of the above

FIN 3504 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: Capital Structure, Internal Financing

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