PSC 140 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Intelligence Quotient, Memory Span, Metamemory
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
● Concrete operations: In Piaget’s terms, coordinated mental actions that allow children to
mentally combine, separate, order, & transform concrete objects & events that children
experience directly
● Conservation of number: Recognition of the one - to - one correspondence between sets
of objects of equal number
● Conservation of volume: the understanding that the amount of a liquid remains
unchanged when poured from one container into another that has different dimensions
● Identity: a mental operation in which the child realizes that a change limited to outward
appearance does not change the substances involved
● Compensation: a mental operation in which the child realizes that changes in one aspect
of a problem are compared with and compensated for by changes in another aspect
● Reversibility: a mental operation in which the child realizes that one operation can be
negated, or reversed, by the effects of another
● Metacognition: the ability to think about one’s own thought processes
● Memory span: the number of randomly presented items of info that can be repeated
immediately after they are presented
● Memory strategies: specific actions used deliberately to enhance remembering
● Rehearsal: the process of repeating to oneself the material that one is trying to
remember
● organizational strategies: memory strategies in which materials to be remembered are
mentally grouped into meaningful categories
● Elaboration: a memory strategy that involves making connections between 2 or more
things to be remembered
● Metamemory: the ability to think about one’s memory processes
● Executive function: higher - level cognitive processes, such as aspects of cognition
associated with supervising & controlling lower - level cognitive processes
● Intelligence quotient (IQ): the ratio of mental age to chronological age, calculated as IQ =
(MA/CA) 100
● Flynn effect: the steady increase over the past 100 years in IQ test performance, an
increase believed to support the environmental hypothesis of intelligence
●
Document Summary
Concrete operations: in piaget"s terms, coordinated mental actions that allow children to mentally combine, separate, order, & transform concrete objects & events that children experience directly. Conservation of number: recognition of the one - to - one correspondence between sets of objects of equal number. Conservation of volume: the understanding that the amount of a liquid remains unchanged when poured from one container into another that has different dimensions. Identity: a mental operation in which the child realizes that a change limited to outward appearance does not change the substances involved. Compensation: a mental operation in which the child realizes that changes in one aspect of a problem are compared with and compensated for by changes in another aspect. Reversibility: a mental operation in which the child realizes that one operation can be negated, or reversed, by the effects of another. Metacognition: the ability to think about one"s own thought processes.
