BISC208 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration, Catabolism, Hydrogen Sulfide

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orchidcattle597

26 Mar 2016

School

University of Delaware

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BISC208

Professor

All

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Document Summary

Entropy-the measure of disorder, or unusable energy, in a system. Autotroph-organisms that make their own food: one type-uses inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulide as a source of energy, another type-converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Heterotroph-organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Metabolism-all of the chemical reacions in a cell are referred to as the cell"s metabolism. Metabolic pathway-a series of chemical reacions in which the product of one reacion is the substrate for the next reacion. They include two broad type: catabolic pathways and anabolic pathways. Photosynthesis-the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. Cellular respiraion- the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell. In cellular respiraion, oxygen is used to break down organic molecules, resuling in the producion of carbon dioxide and water.

Related Questions

......Use the following to feel out the sentense: cycled, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP

During ____________ , mitochondria break down carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to make ____________ .

This process requires ____________ and carbohydrates, and produces ____________ and water.

During ____________ , chloroplasts use water and ____________ to create carbohydrates.

This process requires ____________ and water, which are byproducts from ____________ .

In turn, it produces ____________ and carbohydrates that are used in ____________ .

In this manner, the flow of energy is ____________ between chloroplasts and mitochondria.

..........use the following to feel out each sentense: from, oxidized, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, gains, to, loses, reduced.

During ____________ , hydrogen atoms are transferred ____________ water ____________ carbon dioxide as glucose forms.

Thus, during ____________ , carbon dioxide is ____________ , while water is ____________ . In other words, carbon dioxide ____________ electrons and water ____________ electrons.

During ____________ , glucose is ____________ as oxygen is ____________ , becoming water.

In each of these reactions, while one molecule loses electrons (is ____________ ), another gains electrons (is ____________ ); thus, each of these metabolic pathways includes redox reactions: coupled reduction and oxidation reactions.

..........use the following to feel out the sentenses: increase, conservation of energy, first of thermodynamics, input, decrease, laws of thermodynamics, secod law of thermodynamics, heat

The ____________ explain energy flow and energy conservation and can be applied to biological systems.

The ____________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, also known as the law of ____________ .

The ____________ states that energy is lost when it is converted from one form to another, often in the form of ____________ .

As cells go through transformations, they ____________ the total entropy of the universe, resulting in a ____________ in available energy.

For example, photosynthesis in plants requires an energy ____________ to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar because there is a ____________ in entropy.

Question 1

Which is a population?

		All the members of a species inhabiting a given location.
		All the interacting populations in a given area.
		The living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independant and relatively stable system.
		All of the above

5 points

Question 2

Which is not an abiotic factor?

		Intensity of light
		type of substratum
		range of temperatures
		living things

5 points

Question 3

What does the fertility rate have to be in order to keep a population stable (neither increasing or decreasing)?

		1
		2
		3
		4

5 points

Question 4

Japan's population is falling due to a low fertility rate.

True

False

5 points

Question 5

When the population remains relatively constant over a number of years this is known as

		steady state
		abiotic state
		biotic state
		Both abiotic and biotic states

5 points

Question 6

Which are the living components of the environment?

		biotic factors
		abiotic factors
		neutrality factors
		non-organic factors

5 points

Question 7

What is carrying capacity?

		The maximum number of organisms the resources of an area can support.
		The amount of abiotic factors in an area.
		The amount of energy.
		The density of a star.

5 points

Question 8

Which can synthesize their own food?

		heterotroph
		herbivore
		autotroph
		carnivore

5 points

Question 9

Which is an example of a saprophyte?

		vulture
		bacteria
		mouse
		frog

5 points

Question 10

This consumes both plants and animals.

		Carnivore
		Herbivore
		Omnivore
		Tachivore

5 points

Question 11

Global warming might actually cause global freezing.

True

False

5 points

Question 12

There are good odds that a future virus can cause the extinction of the human race.

True

False

5 points

Question 13

A heterotroph can make its own food.

True

False

5 points

Question 14

According to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, disorder always increases.

True

False

5 points

Question 15

In 5 billion years the Sun will expand and burn up the Earth.

True

False

5 points

Question 16

Einstein stated that World War 4 will be fought with sticks and stones.

True

False

5 points

Question 17

Which is not true of the First Law of Thermodynamics?

		Energy cannot be created
		Energy cannot be destroyed.
		Energy can change forms.
		All are true.

5 points

Question 18

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the heat death of the universe is its ultimate fate.

True

False

5 points

Question 19

Which is organic?

		CH₄
		CO₂
		H₂O
		N₂

5 points

Question 20

The Sun and the core are the primary energy sources for the Earth.

True

False

limejackal967

A catabolic pathway would predictably result in the
A) reduction of a sugar.
B) synthesis of a macromolecule.
C) breakdown of a macromolecule.
D) breakdown of an atom.
2.
The drug Ritonavir is used to treat people with HIV/AIDS. It worksby binding to the active site of HIV-1 protease, an enzyme used bythe AIDS virus to create new proteins for production of newviruses.Once bound, the HIV-1 protease cannot produce proteins.Ritonavir can be classified as a(n)
A) competitive inhibitor.
B) allosteric inhibitor.
C) activator.
D) non-competitive inhibitor.
3.
During cellular respiration, __________ is the final electronacceptor that allows the regeneration of the cellâs supply of NAD+.In fermentation, ____________ is the final electron acceptor forNAD+ regeneration.
A) pyruvate / lactic acid
B) pyruvate / oxygen
C) ethanol / CO2
D) oxygen / pyruvate
4.
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell isprokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A) whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism
B) the presence or absence of ribosomes
C) whether or not the cell is partitioned by internalmembranes
D) whether or not the cell contains DNA
5.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an allosteric enzyme that regulatesglycolysis. When cellular concentrations of ATP and citrate become__________, this enzymeâs activity decreases. When cellularconcentrations of AMP become ________, the enzyme isactivated.
A) high / high
B) high / low
C) low / high
D) low / low
6.
______________ is an enzyme that can utilize the free energy in thehydrogen gradient (voltage) produced between the inner and outermembrane of the mitochondrion. The enzyme uses this energy toproduce ________.
A) ATP synthase/ ATP
B) PFK/ ATP
C) PFK/ glucose
D) ATP synthase/ ADP
7.
ATP is able to do cellular work because it
A) has a high energy phosphate bond that can be hydrolyzed torelease energy.
B) converts light energy into chemical bond energy.
C) contains the sugar ribose, which can provide additional energyfor a cell.
D) its hydrolysis is endergonic.
8.
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decomposeto form a solution of simple sugars because
A) the starch solution has less free energy than the sugarsolution.
B) the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot besurmounted.
C) the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic.
D) starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous.
9.
A person exposed to toxins would have more activity in their___________compared to an unexposed person.
A) lysosomes
B) Golgi bodies
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10.
Which of the following statements about fermentation is true?
A) The function of fermentation is to regenerate the fermentingcells' supply of NAD+.
B) Fermentation allows a fermenting cell to gain more energy perglucose molecule than a non-fermenting cell.
C) Fermentation produces either lactic acid or ethanol that thefermenting cell can use as an energy source.
D) Fermentation is a universal process that occurs in all cells andall organisms.
11.
A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide andwater in glycolysis and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, but togetherthese two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. Whathappened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from theoxidation of glucose?
A) It was lost as heat.
B) It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules releasedby these processes.
C) It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and thecitric acid cycle.
D) It is stored in NADH and FADH2
12.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that
A) entropy tends to increase in a system.
B) entropy tends to decrease in a system.
C) energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
D) the quality of energy in the universe is decreasing.
13.
The endosymbiotic theory states that _______________ evolved as aresult of a symbiotic relationship between different types ofbacteria. _____________ is thought to be the selective factor thatmade this symbiosis advantageous.
A) mitochondria / A change in the Earthâs atmosphere from anaerobicto aerobic
B) endoplasmic reticulum / A decrease in the amount of foodavailable in the environment
C) chloroplasts / A change in the Earthâs atmosphere from aerobicto anaerobic
D) lysosomes / A decrease in the amount of food available in theenvironment
14.
A mutation in a fruit fly affects one of the proteins that pumphydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane; thismutation makes that particular protein function less efficiently.When comparing aerobic cellular respiration in this fly with awild-type fly, you would predict that the mutant fly would
A) produce less ATP than a wild-type fly.
B) show no difference in ATP production when compared to awild-type fly.
C) produce more ATP than a wild-type fly.
D) not be able to produce any ATP via aerobic cellularrespiration.
15.
Proteins that are destined to be exported from the cell have unique_________________ that are recognized by signal recognitionparticles and thus moved to the _________________ duringtranslation.
A) phosphofructokinases / nucleus
B) codons / rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) signal recognition sequences / rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) signal recognition sequences / free ribosomes
16.
During the Krebs cycle
A) NADH is oxidized.
B) ATP is produced.
C) pyruvate is produced.
D) Acetly CoA gains a carbon to form pyruvate.
17.
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen toproduce CO2 and water release free energy?
A) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinityfor electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity forelectrons (such as O).
B) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associatedwith water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds.
C) The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken byelectrons from organic molecules.
D) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygenhave more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water andcarbon dioxide.
18.
In a chemical reaction, if ?G is negative, it means that thereaction is
A) exergonic, and work needs to be done for the reaction toproceed.
B) exergonic, and work can be done with energy released from thereaction.
C) endergonic, and work needs to be done in order for the reactionto proceed.
D) endergonic, and work can be done with energy released from thereaction.
19.
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) ___________reaction.
A) ADP + P --> ATP
B) endergonic.
C) exergonic.
D) anabolic
20.
Glycolysis
A) involves catabolic reactions and ATP is produced.
B) involves anabolic reactions and ATP is produced.
C) involves catabolic reactions and creates energy.
D) involves anabolic reactions and creates energy.

BISC208 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration, Catabolism, Hydrogen Sulfide

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