PSYC 001 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Rorschach Test, Julian Rotter, Carl Jung
Personality Theories and Assessment
● Personality: A person’s internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
● Franz Gall theory: personality is determined by bumps/indents on people’s head.
● SKIP Freud (we will not be tested on this)
● Neo-Freudian theories
○ Carl Jung: came up with personality measurements used for Myers-Briggs
Approaches
● Psychoanalytic Approach: Personality comes from the id’s unconscious
● Behavioral Approach: Our personality is a product of our environment
● Humanist Approach: we have a unique personality, free will, and develop based on our
actions/consequences
● Social-Cognitive Approach: Incorporates social/cognitive factors as well as conditioning
Humanist Approach
●Abraham Maslow: Major founder of the theory. Really into fulfilling one’s full potential.
● Hierarchy of Needs: arrangement of the importance of needs to motivate behavior
○ Physiological Needs: satisfying hunger/thirst
○ Safety Needs: feeling safe/secure/stable
○ Belongingness/love Needs: feeling loved/accepted into the group
○ Esteem Needs: achievement, competence, independence
○ Self-Actualization Needs: Living up to your unique fullest potential**
■ Accepting yourself/others/the world. Experiencing the world fully/autonomously
● Carl Rogers: Other important humanist guy. Theories more based on clinical stuff. Agreed with
Maslow on Self-Actualization. Theories apply well to therapy.
○ Conditions of Worth: Children develop their self-concept based on how their parents
show their love/acceptance. They apply this to other people too.
○ Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance and approval without conditions
Social-Cognitive Approach
● Albert Bandura: One of the founders of this approach
○ Self-system: the cognitive processes that people use to take in cues and regulate their
behavior (such as imitating parents or repeated reinforced behavior)
○ Self-efficacy: How we judge the success of our own behavior - usually determines our
level of confidence/satisfaction.
● Julian Rotter: another one
○ External locus of control: things outside of your control determine your fate
■ Learned helplessness: feeling like they are hopeless
○ Internal locus of control: you control your own fate
■ People with this one tend to succeed in life more
○ Attribution: How we explain our behavior to others (was your failure your fault or
someone else’s?)
○ Self-serving bias: we tend to make attributions based on whatever boosts our self
esteem (if it’s bad it’s external, if it’s good it’s internal)
Trait Theories of Personality
● Traits: internally based, stable characteristics that define someone’s personality.
● Eysenck’s three-factor theory:
○extraversion/introversion: introverts have a higher resting level of arousal, but extroverts
actually have to raise it by seeking people out.
○neuroticism/emotional stability: neurotic people have more reactive sympathetic nervous
systems/makes them more anxious
○psychoticism/impulse control: higher levels of testosterone make people more impulsive
● Five Factor Model of Personality: OCEAN. (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Has a strong research base of being heritable.
○ Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Document Summary
Personality: a person"s internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. Franz gall theory: personality is determined by bumps/indents on people"s head. Skip freud (we will not be tested on this) Carl jung: came up with personality measurements used for myers-briggs. Psychoanalytic approach: personality comes from the id"s unconscious. Behavioral approach: our personality is a product of our environment. Humanist approach: we have a unique personality, free will, and develop based on our actions/consequences. Social-cognitive approach: incorporates social/cognitive factors as well as conditioning. Abraham maslow: major founder of the theory. Hierarchy of needs: arrangement of the importance of needs to motivate behavior. Belongingness/love needs: feeling loved/accepted into the group. Self-actualization needs: living up to your unique fullest potential** Conditions of worth: children develop their self-concept based on how their parents. Unconditional positive regard: acceptance and approval without conditions show their love/acceptance. Albert bandura: one of the founders of this approach.
