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BIOL 101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1-7: Electron Shell, Hydrogen Bond, Statistical Hypothesis Testing

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School
VCU
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 101
Professor
Rachel Hill

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Document Summary

Chapter 1: (cid:862) (cid:272)ie(cid:374)(cid:272)e is a (cid:271)od(cid:455) of k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge; a (cid:272)olle(cid:272)tio(cid:374) of u(cid:374)ified i(cid:374)sights a(cid:271)out (cid:374)ature, the e(cid:448)ide(cid:374)(cid:272)e for (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h is a(cid:374) arra(cid:455) of fa(cid:272)ts. (cid:863) The unified insights of science are known as theories. A theory is a general set of principles, supported by evidence that explains some aspect of nature. Science can also be defined as a way of learning; a process of coming to understand the natural world through observation and the testing of hypotheses. You lear(cid:374) (cid:374)ot (cid:449)hat the a(cid:374)s(cid:449)er is, (cid:271)ut (cid:449)hat the a(cid:374)s(cid:449)er is(cid:374)"t. Science works through the scientific method, in which an observation leads to the formulation of a question about the natural world. Science is a tentative, testable explanation that had not been proven true. The(cid:455) (cid:449)a(cid:374)t to (cid:271)e a(cid:271)le to e(cid:454)plai(cid:374) thi(cid:374)gs. The hypothesis may be tested through observation or through a series of experiments, as aided by statistical procedures.

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Related Questions

Scientific Method Exercise
Identify a situation in which you applied the scientific approach to solving a problem. Share your thinking! The problem you choose to write about can be very simple, such as: my flashlight won't work, or my car won't start, or I baked muffins and they were flat ( didn't rise properly) , or the toilet won't flush properly, or better yet, think of your own. These probably don't sound like "science" problems, but it is most likely that you would use the scientific method to solve them, without even realizing it. Avoid using people problems and child or pet behavior issues as your "problem." Follow these steps to create your first writing assignment:

1. Describe the situation and your observation,
2. Describe your hypothesis to explain the observation.
3. Describe your further observations or experiments to test the hypothesis. Be sure your hypothesis is one that can be tested. Consider what you might use for "controls".
4. Was the hypothesis correct? If not, can you find a better one? Or do you need a better experiment? If so, what would it be?

The assignment should be formatted as follows: Be sure to include the labels, so it is clear that you recognize and identify each step in the process.
Problem: (briefly describe your problem here)
Question: (This may be a "how" or "why" question that you will formulate a tentative answer to. Your tentative answer is your hypothesis.)
Hypothesis: (State the answer to your question above. This is your "best guess" regarding the answer to the question.)
Prediction: (This describes your experiment very briefly and states the outcome you expect that would support your hypothesis)
Experiment: (Describe how you tested your hypothesis)
Results: (Describe what happened, and whether the results supported or failed to support your hypothesis)

choose two nonhuman species that interact with each other, such asbees and flowers, or predator and prey species, or two species thatcompete. Or, you can consider the effect of an environmental factoron living nonhuman organisms, such as the effects of light or soundon plants or animals, or how food preference, or nutrientquantity/quality affect plants or animals. These are just a fewexamples. Your observations may lead you to many other types ofquestions about living organisms, their interactions, andrequirements for life.

Start with an Introduction/Observation and move through the stepsof the scientific method as outlined below. Your paper shouldfollow this format.

Remember, you don't have to actually do the experiment, just writewhat you would do to test your hypothesis. The experiment youcreate to test your hypothesis should contain a control andtreatment group and be detailed enough that it could bereproducible by others.

Observations/Introduction:

Describe your observation.
Include background information about your observations that youhave found using references.
List and cite references using APA format.
Question: Ask a question about the observation that you havemade.

Hypothesis: Write a statement that describes your explanation forthe observation and question.

Prediction: What do you predict as outcomes (results) of thisexperiment? (An if-then statement)

Controlled Experiment and Methods:

Describe the experiment.
Describe variables to be held constant.
Note variable to be tested.
List controls.
Tells what data will be collected.
Describe how only one variable is being tested at a time, whileothers are held constant.
Results: Give the results (data) for the experiment. This will becreated (imagined) by you because you are not actually doing thisexperiment.

Conclusion/Discussion:

Do you reject or accept the hypothesis based on the results?
Discuss what this means in terms of the hypothesis, or need foradditional experiments, or perhaps practical use of the results.

Question 1

Evolutionary algorithms are used:

In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve.
A genetic feature of complex organisms.
A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection.
Another term used for a computer algorithm in general.

Question 2

Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:

There is no other way of studying these things.
Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them).
Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other.
Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer.

Question 3

The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:

Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges.
A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point.
Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria.
An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other.

Question 4

Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:

It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science.
It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking.
It tells us which theories are definitely true or false.
It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science.