WRIT1005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Straw Man, Ad Hominem, Slippery Slope
Lecture 9 – 4/10/17 – Logical Fallacies
Common logical fallacies
- Ad hominem argument (attacking person rather than argument)
- Ad populum argument (because something is popular it must be acceptable)
- Appeal to false authority (when a non-expert is cited)
- Appeal to flattery (appeal to emotion/fear/pity/ridicule)
- Appeal to widespread belief (similar to ad populum)
- Begging the question (circular argument – whe a arguet’s propositio is assued i
one of the premises)
- Either/or fallacy (proposes that a complicated question only has two answers when there
are many – either with us or the terrorists)
- False aalogy a aalogy that does’t hold eause it does ot argue the issue
- Hasty generalisation (jumping to conclusion when claim is based on too little evidence)
- Sweeping generalisations (saying everyone in a group is the same)
- Non-sequitur (it does not follow)
- Post hoc fallacy (after this, therefore, because of this – because B follows A, B must be
because of A)
- Red herring (an irrelevant issue intended to distract readers from the relevant issues)
- Reductive fallacy (oversimplifies relationship between cause and effect)
- Slippery slope (the assumption that one thing will lead to another, worse thing)
- Straw a arguet isrepresetig a oppoet’s opiio by quoting out of context and
then attacking it as a misrepresented position)
- The fallacy within a fallacy (you say that because an argument is poorly made, or made with
a fallacy, that the argument must be wrong)
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Document Summary
Ad hominem argument (attacking person rather than argument) Ad populum argument (because something is popular it must be acceptable) Appeal to false authority (when a non-expert is cited) Appeal to widespread belief (similar to ad populum) Begging the question (circular argument whe(cid:374) a(cid:374) argu(cid:373)e(cid:374)t"s propositio(cid:374) is assu(cid:373)ed i(cid:374) one of the premises) Either/or fallacy (proposes that a complicated question only has two answers when there are many either with us or the terrorists) False a(cid:374)alogy (cid:894)a(cid:374) a(cid:374)alogy that does(cid:374)"t hold (cid:271)e(cid:272)ause it does (cid:374)ot argue the issue(cid:895) Sweeping generalisations (saying everyone in a group is the same) Hasty generalisation (jumping to conclusion when claim is based on too little evidence) Post hoc fallacy (after this, therefore, because of this because b follows a, b must be because of a) Red herring (an irrelevant issue intended to distract readers from the relevant issues) Reductive fallacy (oversimplifies relationship between cause and effect)