KHA329 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Dsm-5, Unconditional Positive Regard, Therapeutic Relationship
1 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Individual Differences week 9: Positive Psychology and Individual Differences
Behaviourism:
- Critique
- Should it be included in this area of research
- Does it adequately explain personality
- Behaviour and motivations for behaviours
Key terms:
- Stimuli” an object
- Classical conditioning:
oPairing the stimulus with the neutral stimulus
oVs. operant conditioning: stimulus comes first then the reward follows
this
Reinforcement determines whether this is repeated or not
oTraditionally studied with rats and other animals
Self reinforcement
Tangible and less tangible
oPersonality:
We are not just reinforced by food
Humans get other kinds of rewards
Social methods:
Acceptance: more likely to behave this way again
Self reinforcement:
Tangible: buying yourself a present
Less tangible: I did a good job on this
- Empathy:
oVicarious emotional arousal
oWe can develop our levels of empathy
oWe don’t need to experience what another is experiencing
Putting ourselves in the others’ shoes
Similar levels of arousal
oEmpathy allows us to learn effective and ineffective behaviours
without having ot go through them ourselves
oA good way to learn without experiencing
Higher the empathy levels, the better this learning is
oTherapeutic context and behaviour modification:
Behaviour change
Empathy is important
Eg. Diabetes (type 2) that can be managed through lifestyle
changes
Problem:
Longer term reinforcement, the health benefits, doesn’t
come for a long time
How can we actually make the reinforcement that
comes that comes at the time of the behaviour
Token economies:
oGold star: immediate small reinforcement, that
contribute to a longer term improvements
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
oAdults: develop small token that rewards good
choices
oCritique:
How useful are they across all situations
Efficacy expectancies:
Bandura
Self efficacy can be domain specific and is usually
associated with improved performance in that domain
oConsider skill deficit
Systematic desensitization:
oIf someone is experiencing anxiety- high level
of arousal around a particular event
oEg. Stressed at work, and heart pound and other
things happen when they are at work
oInstead, drive in the direction of work; as they
get elevated, pull over and allow this to drop
naturally
oBegin to associated driving to work with
calming down
oSystematically allow the person to get closer to
work
- Critique and consideration
oIs it personality or is it behaviour
Behaviour is an observable form of personality; personality in
action
oBe mindful: not the be all and end all
oProblems with conditioning arrangement:
Punishment is bad in terms of increasing anxiety
Doesn’t show a person what they should do, just what they
shouldn’t
Inflicting pain is associated with aggression
Replacing one undesirable response with another undesirable
response
Crying after being hit for doing something undesirable
Always two players in this interaction:
You are also reinforced to smack the child next time around
Positive psychology and how it influences individual differences:
- Motivations
Positive psychology:
- Has a bad rap: can do a lot of damage
oAny kind of bad psychology can have bad outcomes
oNeed an open mind
- Focuses on the positive experiences that are part of being a human
oRather than the negatives
Disorders, what went wrong
oWhat goes right and how can we encourage this to happen more often
oPositive things in the past, present, future
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
oPositive traits
Wisdom, love courage
oPositive institutions:
Team work, parenting, justice and tolerance
- Move away from looking at the negatives:
oDSM-5 not really included
oCharacter, strength and virtues
- Virtues:
oWisdoms and knowledge
oSocial and emotional intelligence
oKeeping perspective
oCourage:
Bravery, persistence and integrity
oHumanity and love:
Kindness
Loving
Allowing oneself to be loved
oJustice:
Teamwork
Loyalty
Leadership
oTemperament
oTranscendence:
Hope in the future
Sense of purpose
Mercy and humor
- Areas of psychology that are tapping into positive psychology:
oFlow:
The feeling of being engaged, match between the challenge and
the skill level
The result is that you get lost in the activity
Can happen in:
Artist
Yoga
Exercise
A state of oneness with the activity and situation at hand
Balance between challenge of task and the individual’s level of
skill
Philosophical
Bhutan:
oGross national happiness > gross domestic
product
oPersonal development > economic development
- Humanism:
oParadigm shift in terms of approach toward personality and indivudal
difference
oThird force:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Individual differences week 9: positive psychology and individual differences. Should it be included in this area of research. Classical conditioning: pairing the stimulus with the neutral stimulus, vs. operant conditioning: stimulus comes first then the reward follows this. Reinforcement determines whether this is repeated or not: traditionally studied with rats and other animals. We are not just reinforced by food. Acceptance: more likely to behave this way again. Less tangible: i did a good job on this. Empathy: vicarious emotional arousal, we can develop our levels of empathy, we don"t need to experience what another is experiencing. Similar levels of arousal: empathy allows us to learn effective and ineffective behaviours without having ot go through them ourselves, a good way to learn without experiencing. Higher the empathy levels, the better this learning is: therapeutic context and behaviour modification: Diabetes (type 2) that can be managed through lifestyle changes. Longer term reinforcement, the health benefits, doesn"t come for a long time.
