BIOL 1F90 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Osmotic Concentration, Phagocytosis, Macromolecule

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10 Oct 2017

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Nucleus: contains dna, which stores and replicates genetic information of the cell. Each molecule of dna in the nucleus combines with an equal mass of protein to form a chromosome. Thick uid called nucleoplasm lls the nucleus and a network of protein bres called nuclear matrix provides internal structure and support. Nucleus us surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane of two phospholipid bilayer). Rough endoplasmic reticulum: surface region devoted to protein synthesis of proteins are studded with ribosomes. Ribosomes are molecular aggregates or protein and rna, synthesized in chromatin. Assembles proteins that are a part of the membrane or are intended for export from the cell. Proteins that function in the cytosol are made by ribosomes and are freely suspended here. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: regions that have no bound ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids and lipid containing molecules such as phospholipids that make up the membrane. For example, in the liver it detoxi es drugs and alcohol.

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One effective learning strategy when trying to learn largeamounts of factual information is to group items, or âchunkâ. Youshould include all important structures of the cell (this includescell membrane and membrane adaptations as well as organelles).Examples of general categories could be location, function,morphology, etc. Your categorization groups must tell the viewersomething about the structures. Once your structures are groupedaccording to the characteristics they share, you should include ashort phrase about what differentiates them from each other withinthe group. Citation of your source material must be present.

List of Organelles:

Nucleus, Nuclear envelope/membrane, Nucleolus, Ribosomes,Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Plasmamembrane, Cytoskeleton, Transport/secretory vesicles,Phagosomes/endosomes-including sorting & recycling endosomes,Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Lipid droplets, Glycogen granules

I started this assignment and was going to go withfunction and morphology. Below is what I have so far, but I'mhaving a difficult time coming up with a short phrase for each anddistinguishing between the organelles that can change shape/morphand those that cannot. I am open to changing the categories that Ihave chosen to chunk. I've never used this technique before so it'sa new concept for me.

Function

Protein Synthesis â Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear porecomplex, Ribosomes, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,Plasma membrane

Energy Production â Mitochondria, Lipid droplets, Glycogengranules

Transportation â Transport vesicles, Phagosomes,Cytoskeleton

Metabolism â Lysosomes aid in digestion, Peroxisomes oxidizefatty acids

Morphology

Ability to change shape â Mitochondria, Cell membrane, Nuclearenvelope,

Inability to change shape â Nucleus, Nuclear envelope,

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Question 1

Light microscopes

	A.	typically provide more resolution than an electron microscope
	B.	work by reflecting electrons off the surface of an object being studied
	C.	use light and glass lenses to magnify an image

Question 2

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

	A.	are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane
	B.	are hydrophobic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane
	C.	are hydrophobic and face inward, shielded from water

Question 3

The nucleus of a cell

	A.	is surrounded by a single layer of membrane.
	B.	contains DNA
	C.	is the primary location of protein synthesis

Question 4

Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits?

A.		endoplasmic reticulum
B		plasma membrane
C.		Cytoplasm

Question 5

The main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the production of

A.		membrane and proteins secreted by the cell
B.		mitochondria and proteins secreted by the cell
C.		hydrogen peroxide

Question 6

The Golgi apparatus

A.		is the site of glucose breakdown
B.		stores, modifies, and packages proteins
C.		strings together amino acids to produce proteins

Question 7

The function of mitochondria is

		A. cellular respiration
		B. photosynthesis
		C. lipid synthesis

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

		A. The cytoskeleton helps to support cell
		B. Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place
	C.	The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

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BIOL 1F90 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Osmotic Concentration, Phagocytosis, Macromolecule

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