PHIL 1F91 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Swami Vivekananda, Intentionality, Modus Ponens

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29 Sep 2016

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How to reconstruct complex arguments: figure out the conclusion, figure out the premises, place the premises in their logical order. Employ the principle of charity: just because an argument is not very clear, or well-structured does not mean that it cannot be presented clearly. There is not past or future even in thought, because to think it you have to make it present. The last part is somewhat confusing and it appears that there could be two meaning for to make it present. To think is always to be thinking of something: this is franz bretano"s thesis of intentionality: consciousness is always consciousness of something. While consciousness is always temporal thoughts take place in time. Therefor: neither the past or future exist. (modus ponens 5,6,7) First, we might ask: what does augustine mean by i should prefer nonexistence to miserable existence? .

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If relativism is true, can you ever judge something as being morally wrong? Consider some really horrible actions, genocide, murder, slavery, torture or add your own. If you feel a relativist could say that these things are actually wrong, what gives them this ability? If they can't, why not?

Agree or disagree

Similarly to what I said in the first discussion on what morality means to us, I think everyone has their own set of moral principles and obligations. So I do think that relativism is true, to a point however. I used Adolf Hitler and the Nazi empire as an example in the first discussion so I will use that here. Hitler knew in his brain that what he was doing was good for his nation and arguably the world. Now, as a modern day society we can agree that was wrong. For him, it was good. In his own mind, he is right. But it is relative to the person. Generally speaking we all have similar notions of what is right and what is wrong. Most people would say that going out of your way to help someone else is a morally good principle. Selflessness in society is seen a good thing by the vast majority of people. When I say that relativism is good to a point, I mean that there is a general basis in society that deems actions as good or bad. And since most of us would all agree that hitlers actions were bad, then we say that he had bad moral principles, even though to him, they were good. It’s a little confusing even for me to put into words. Basically, if you actions are generally viewed in society as good, then you have good moral principles even if they vary from person to person. No one will have the exact same moral standards, but generally they all are very similar in society. So relativism is true until the point where the majority of society would deem your actions and wrong. I hope this makes sense.

Agree or disagree

If relativism is true, I don't think judging something as morally wrong is possible. Because the definition of ethical relativism is the moral standard only being correctly relative to each person/society, this means that the moral standard is created by you and/or the society you identify with and therefore eliminate the existence of an absolute moral principle. Since the moral standard is different for every individual, we cannot say that someone is morally wrong. If relativism is applied, that is. If a relativist were to say that they could judge someone as morally wrong, then that would contradict the main component of being a relativist. That every moral argument of yours is correct, therefore everyone else's is also correct. Quite problematic but that is my understanding on the matter

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PHIL 1F91 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Swami Vivekananda, Intentionality, Modus Ponens

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