GEOG 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Core Countries, World-Systems Theory, Market Economy
13 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
World System Theory
Countries could move from one category to another
-
Became more extensive and consolidated through globalization
Colonization-> exploitation of resources
○
General framework
○
Interdependence of regions and place
○
Dynamic and uneven
○
-
Core:
Played dominant and active role in world trade
-
Market economy
-
Outward movement of financial capital from it to other countries
-
Industrialized, strong government/education system, social elites, financial
power
-
Many are former colonial powers
-
Peripheral:
Secondary/passive role in world trade
-
Market/subsistence-type economy
-
Externally dependent on larger centers as source of import
-
Rural, primary resource, little financial/economic power, brain drain, low wages
-
Semi-peripheral:
Able to exploit peripheral regions, but are exploited and dominated by core
regions
-
Industrializing countries
-
Relocation of manufacturing activities, rapidly changing
-
Disparity within countries
-
Three Worlds
First world
Second world
Third world
Cuba and North Korea are external areas
Neither core/peripheral/semi-peripheral
-
Certain regions disadvantaged by changes caused by globalization
Population
Population growth:
Urban overcrowding
-
Resource exploitation
-
Food security, loss of productive land
-
Demography:
How many people, where, why
-
Population structure
-
Difference between regions
-
Consequences of population patterns
-
Change over time
-
Population: a group of individuals of the same species who habit the same area
-
Crude birth rate (Natality):
Number of individuals added to a population through reproduction per thousand
people per year
-
High birthrates in peripheral countries
Higher infant mortality
○
Low literacy rates
○
Lack of birth control
○
Lack of education for women
○
More children for labour
○
-
Low birthrates in core countries
Careers, having children later
○
Better health care
○
-
Crude death rate (Mortality):
Number of deaths per thousand people per year
-
Demographic structure (more men/elderly, higher death rate)
-
Levels of economic development (higher levels, lower death rate)
-
Access to health care (higher, lower death rate)
-
Social class (higher income, longer life)
-
Place of residence (proximity to healthcare, distance from hazards, longer life)
-
Use of soap, improved sanitation, modern medicine and antibiotics
-
Sex ratio:
Ratio of males to females
-
106:100 at birth
-
100:100 by age 20
-
Infant mortality rates are higher in boys than girls
-
Russia:
More females than males
○
High alcoholism rate among males
○
-
Saudi Arabia:
More males than females
○
Workers in oil rigs
○
-
China/India:
Cultural preference towards males
○
-
More women than men
Indication of conflicts
○
-
Population pyramids:
Illustrates relationships between birthrates, death rates, and resulting age
structure of population
-
Shape is useful in describing demographic structure of a population
Wide base:
Large proportion of children
§
Expanding population
§
○
Narrow base/steep sides
Similar proportions in all age groups
§
Slower growth population
§
Stability/no growth
§
○
Smaller base than middle or top
Proportionally smaller numbers of children
§
Declining population
§
○
-
Population density:
Canada 4 people/km2
-
Japan 348 people/km2
-
Factors that influence population distributions/densities
Climate
○
Soil fertility
○
Availability of water
○
Type of quantity of other natural resources
○
Historical factors
○
Political boundaries/migration policies
○
Population dynamics
○
-
Migration:
Replacement migration to prevent the decline of population of working age
-
Push and pull factors
Economic
○
Marriage/family
○
Climate
○
Political/religious persecution
○
War, famine
○
Environmental degradation
○
-
Movement of refugees
Economic
○
Political
○
-
Population concepts:
Zero population growth: condition where a population is no longer increasing
because the birth rate equals the death rate
-
Replacement level fertility: the number of children a couple must have to replace
themselves
-
Total fertility rate: average number of children born to women during fertility years
-
In developed world fertility is 1.56 children/woman
-
43 countries have fertility rates below replacement levels
-
15 countries, mostly southern eastern Europe reached unprecedented low levels of
fertility, 1.3 children/woman
-
In the 50 least developed countries, fertility is 5 children/woman
-
Doubling time: number of years it will take a population to double in size, given its
current rate of increase
-
Continuation of fertility decline and increase in life expectancy results in world
population aging faster
-
Population
Monday, October 16, 2017
8:35 AM
Document Summary
Countries could move from one category to another. Played dominant and active role in world trade. Outward movement of financial capital from it to other countries. Industrialized, strong government/education system, social elites, financial power. Externally dependent on larger centers as source of import. Rural, primary resource, little financial/economic power, brain drain, low wages. Able to exploit peripheral regions, but are exploited and dominated by core regions. Certain regions disadvantaged by changes caused by globalization. Population: a group of individuals of the same species who habit the same area. Number of individuals added to a population through reproduction per thousand people per year. Number of deaths per thousand people per year. Levels of economic development (higher levels, lower death rate) Access to health care (higher, lower death rate) Place of residence (proximity to healthcare, distance from hazards, longer life) Use of soap, improved sanitation, modern medicine and antibiotics. Infant mortality rates are higher in boys than girls.
