PHIL 1301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Begging, Belief, Circular Reasoning

• School: Carleton University
• Department: Philosophy
• Course: PHIL 1301
• Professor: karinavold

Document Summary

Inductive argument conclusion not guaranteed from premises (eg. the sun has risen every day, cannot guarantee that it will rise tomorrow) Therefore, socrates is mortal. (conclusion) (cid:894)(cid:858)therefore(cid:859) is ofte(cid:374) a(cid:374) i(cid:374)di(cid:272)ator of (cid:272)o(cid:374)(cid:272)lusio(cid:374)(cid:895) c (syllogism?) C - e(cid:373)il(cid:455) (cid:449)o(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:271)e at the part(cid:455). This argument style called modus ponens: p -> q (conditional, p, therefore, q. P1 - if joh(cid:374) is at the part(cid:455), the(cid:374) e(cid:373)il(cid:455) (cid:449)o(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:271)e. C joh(cid:374) (cid:449)o(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:271)e at the part(cid:455). Opposite is called modus tollens: p -> q, ~q, therefore, ~p. P1 if joh(cid:374) is at the part(cid:455), the(cid:374) e(cid:373)il(cid:455) (cid:449)o(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:271)e. This is a fallacy (assuming/affirming consequent) and is invalid reasoning. P1 if joh(cid:374) is at the part(cid:455), the(cid:374) e(cid:373)il(cid:455) (cid:449)o(cid:374)(cid:859)t be. This is a fallacy (denying the antecedent) and is invalid reasoning. P1 either she took the train or she drove it. Exclusive disjunction one thing or the other, not both: p or q, ~p (or ~q, q (or ~p)