CHEM 221 Lecture Notes - Zinc Chloride, Tosyl, Reagent
Document Summary
Hydrogen bonding in alcohols refers to a force of attraction between molecules (intermolecular forces). This attraction is temporary in the liquid and gaseous state. Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkane and alkene due to this. If alcohol is diluted in a solvent that cannot form hydrogen bonding interactions, the h bonding effect will be minimal. The larger the hydrophobic region, the less the solubility: predicting acidity of alcohols. Presence of halogen can lower the pka value of alcohol (making it more acidic) Alkane has an oxidation state of -4, alcohol has -2, aldehyde has 0, carboxylic acid has. Small atoms such as h are not polarizable so are not good nucleophiles but excellent bases: preparing alcohols via grignard reagents. Carbon atom is directly connected to a magnesium in a grignard reagent. Reagents used here can be tscl (tosyl chloride) and pyridine, retention of configuration and then substitution which inverts configuration.
