PHIL 2170 Lecture Notes - False Dilemma

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olivemacaw308

15 Nov 2011

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If the well being of two lovers is intimately tied up with each other"s, it is hard to see how they can have robust concern for each other. (36) : critique on nozick"s we". Two different sets a problem of identity: beliefs i have about me are different than beliefs you have about me. (ex. When i say i love you, you hear you love me. different in the perspective has changed changes content, reverts back to #1) I have some beliefs that you don"t have (and vice versa) (39) Robust concern: x desires for y that which is good for y, x desires this for y"s own sake, and x pursues y"s good for y"s benefit and not for x"s (a corollary: sometimes at possible loss to x) . Need to be concerned for their sake, not your own; robust concern is best defined as the opposite as selfish love.

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It is currently popular for automobiles to use 10% ethanol / 90%gasoline mixtures (âgasoholâ) as fuel. According to popularconsensus the main benefit of gasohol use is that it âreduces ourdependence upon foreign oil.â We test this assertion by making someelementary calculations. Our analysis will unrealistically ignoreengine maintenance issues associated with older automobiles (suchas gasket and seal hardening), added fuel consumption necessary toproduce grain used as a feedstock in ethanol production,incremental food price increases associated with a reduction ingrain stocks, and many other effects. Gasohol use typically reducesaverage fuel economy by approximately 15% and effectively leavesfuel prices unchanged. This article further debates the wisdom ofethanol use and may be of interest outside the problems:
http://harvardmagazine.com/2006/11/the-ethanol-illusion.html
These concerns and problems have been strongly influenced byconversations with Dr. H.J. Harmon, of the OSU physicsdepartment.

2. Consider a 14.2 mpg 1991 Ford F150 driven 761 miles. Calculatethe pure gasoline consumption of this truck when: a) usinggasoline, and b) when using gasohol (with its attendant economyreduction). Determine the total CO2 emissions for each fuelassuming all fuels produce 20 lbs of CO2 per gallon. Comment uponthe wisdom of using gasohol versus pure gasoline in this vehicle.

Theory: Topics that you should be familiar with are: significantfigures, least count and estimated fraction, systematic and randomerrors, accuracy versus precision, percent difference and percenterror. These topics should have been covered in class already (orperhaps in an introduction to the lab manual or in a handout). Itis assumed that the instructor has discussed how to use the massbalance, etc.
Introduction: The goal of section I of this experiment is tomeasure (to the correct least count and estimated fraction) andcalculate (to the correct number of significant figures) thedensity of a metal ball and compare it to a table of accepteddensities (?=7.8x103 kg/m3).
To accomplish this goal keep in mind that: ? = m/V and Vsphere =(4/3) p r3
In the space below create a data table, show your calculations indetail, and compare your measured answer to accepted values givenabove. (Would you calculate a percent error or a percentdifference?)
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II. Is g (the acceleration due to gravity) a constant? If so, whatis it?
1) SetuptheFree-FallApparatusasdemonstratedbytheinstructor.
2)MeasurethetimeittakesforthemetalballtofallthroughthesuggesteddisplacementsshowninDataTable 1. Be sure to do 4 trials for each fall and take the averageof your time and displacement. For each trial measure thedisplacement and record your results as precisely as possible. Becareful how you measure the displacement!
Data Table 1
Displacement (meters) Time
Trial 1
___.40___ m .281 s
______.40_ m .284 s
___.40____ m .283 s
____.40___ m .285 s
Average Displacement =.40 m Average time .0285 s
Trial 2
____.60___ m .357 s
____.60___ m .358 s
_____.60__ m .347 s
____.60___ m .347 s
Time (seconds)
Average Displacement = .60 Average Time = .352
Trial3
_.80____ m .402 s
_.80____ m .401 s
_.80______ m .402 S
_.80___ m .401 s
Average Displacement = .80 m Average Time =.401 s

Trial4
__ 1.00____ m .454 s
___1.00____ m .453 s
___1.00____ m .463 s
___1.00____ m .453 s
Average Displacement = 1.00 m Average Time =.455 s
3)PlotDisplacement(usetheaveragedisplacement)asafunctionofTime(usetheaveragetime)usingacomputer software that you know the best. (Does Displacement orTime go on the âverticalâ (or y) axis? Make sure that you label theaxes of your graph properly and give the graph a descriptivetitle.), Please include (0,0) point.
4)UsetheCurveFitFunctiontotrytofindthecurvethatistheclosestfitforthegraph.Whichofthefollowing curve types gives the best fit? Try each to findout.
a) linear fit? b) quadratic (power 2)? c) exponential? d) Power?
The curve with the correlation coefficient (R) closest to 1 has theclosest fit. (e.g. 0.997 is better than 0.956)
5)Printthecurvewiththeclosestfit(oneforeachmemberofthelabgroup).Besureyourgraphincludesthe equation for your fit.
6)Canyoudeterminetheexperimentalaccelerationofgravityfromthisgraph?Explainhowandshowyourwork.
7)Ifalinearfunctionisnotthebestfitofyourplotfromstep3),howwouldyouplotdisplacementandtimeso that the resulting plot is linear? Explain. (Ask your instructorfor a hint if you are not sure of what to do, but be sure to thinkabout it for a while before you ask.)
3
8)Printacopyofthegraphforeachlabpartnershowingalinearfittoyourdataandproperlylabeledaxes.
9)Canyoudeterminetheexperimentalaccelerationduetogravityfromthisgraph?Explainandshowyourwork.
10) How do your experimental values of âgâ compare with theaccepted value (g = 9.80 m/s2) for the acceleration of gravity?Give a mathematical comparison using what you learned aboutmeasurements previously. (Show work)
4
Question and further procedures
1. What is the greatest source of error in performing theexperiment? Is this error random or systematic? Explain.
2. At this point you should have calculated g in two different ways(A quadratic graph, and a linear graph). Which technique do youthink is best? Do all two techniques give the same answer? If not,which technique do you think has the most error?
3. How might you modify your procedures to determine whether or notg depends on the mass of the falling object? Do the experiment andcalculate g using your favorite technique.

PHIL 2170 Lecture Notes - False Dilemma

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