BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Carbon Fixation, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton
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BIOL 112- Lecture 7- Cells 2
•
!Mitochondria
•!Found in animal and plant cells
•!2 membranes: inner highly folded (forms cristae)
and outer plasma
o!Region inside the inner membrane contains many enzymes for
respiration and generates ATP for proteins
•!Cellular respiration occurs here (Energy source)
Citric acid cycle takes place here and forms DNA, RNA and ribosomes
•
!Chloroplasts
•!Found in plant cells ONLY
•!Carries out photosynthesis
•!Double membrane (inner & outer)
o!Separated by an inner membrane: Thylakoids
!!It provides surface area for the proteins that do photosynthesis
•!Stroma is different than cytosol and this is where carbon fixation occurs
o!Carbon to sugars, amino acids, all fatty acids, dNA, RNA and
ribosomes
Endosymbiotic organelles: they are found inside the cell and benefit off each other
•!Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of bacteria
taken into a cell by endocytosis
•!Evidenced by double membrane (inner from bacterial cells
and outer from eukaryotic cells)
•!They have their own genome
•!Their own ribosomes as well, to translate their own proteins
•!Own phospholipids, lipids and proteins have their own special transport
•!Special system to receive lipids and proteins
•
!Cytoskeleton:
•!Maintains cell shape and polarity
•!Provides mechanisms for cell movement
•!Acts as tracks for motor proteins that help move materials within cells
•!Densely crowed (RNA, ribosomes, proteins, sugars, plasma membrane are all
found here)
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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Citric acid cycle takes place here and forms dna, rna and ribosomes: chloroplasts, found in plant cells only, carries out photosynthesis, double membrane (inner & outer) o separated by an inner membrane: thylakoids. It provides surface area for the proteins that do photosynthesis: stroma is different than cytosol and this is where carbon fixation occurs o carbon to sugars, amino acids, all fatty acids, dna, rna and ribosomes. Motors: kinesin walks along & dynein walks in opposite direction (important in neurons) Cilia: move in one direction (backwards and forwards, found in the lungs & oviduct to move the egg into the fallopian tubes. Flagellum: found in sperm cells and allows them to swim. Organized in an axoneme: 9+2 organization which is a stable structure that allows for unidirectional movement. Extra cellular matrix (ecm): stabilizes the cells: collagen is the most important ecm protein o found in cartilage and can be extracted (used in cooking as gelatin)