BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Transfer Rna, Phenylalanine, Release Factor
BIOL 112: What Information is Coded in the DNA
Central Dogma: matches with Darwinian evolution (effects of the environment are not inherited;
information does not flow backward, changing phenotype does not change DNA)
DNA → RNA → Protein
- Enzymes have a specific sequence of AA
The nucleotide sequence of the DNA encodes the info that determines the AA of a protein
- Code Breaking: maps each etter to the next letter in the alphabet (bbc is uncoded to aab)
- 1st problem: only 4 nucleotides for 20 AA, 1 nucleotide per AA 4^1=4
o 4^2=16 AA still not enough
o 4^3= 64 AA way more than needed
How do you map nucleotides? Experiments:
- UUU is an mRNA codon for phenylalanine
- AAA codes for lysine
- CCC codes for proline
Gobind Khorana: translation mix, each peptide had 1 AA because the triplet code was read in 3 different
frames (1) AGAAGAAGAAG, AGAAGAAGAAG, GAAGAAGAAG)
- UGA, UAA, UAG → stop codon: tells the ribosome where the end of the protein is
- Not all codons correspond to AA; stop codon – release factor binds when it is in the A site which
causes it to disassemble and can reform again later
Code is degenerate; if you know the AA you do not know the sequence of the DNA that codes it
- DNA sequence uniquely determines protein sequence
tRNA's; reverse complementary, hydroge ods, fors a speifi 3D struture, 3’ ed hdrol with a
AA → mapping an AA on a codon
- Anticodon; 3 bases reverse complement of the codon for the AA
- At least 1 tRNA for each AA
- e.g. phenylalanine tRNA
o codon has UUU, anticodon will have AAA
Aminoacyl tRNA synthase: pocket recognizes AA, another pocket recognizes the shape of the tRNA but
does ot are aout atiodo, oe it reogizes; it will attah the AA to the 3’ ed with hdrol
Origins of the Genetic Code:
- All organisms share a genetic code (not physically determined, yet this happens because it was
fixed by convection)
- Which means we all share a common ancestor (me + slime mold) because we all descend form
the inventor of the genetic code
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