CHEM 181 Lecture 2: Lecture 2 - Topic 1
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Video 1
Vitamins are nutrients needed in small amounts to prevent deficiency
diseases
-
A balance diet contains all the vitamins in required amounts
-
13 vitamins
Fat soluble: A, D, E and K
○
Water soluble: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C
○
-
Francois Magendie (French physiologist)
Took a dog and fed it nothing but sugar and it died on the 32nd
day of the experiment
○
Looked into bone broth to see if it could keep people alive, but the
gelatin that leeches out of the bones could not sustain life
because it is low in vitamins
○
-
Beriberi (from a language in Sri Lanka)
Translate to I cannot, I cannot (people were crippled)
○
Christian Eijkman was interested in this disease and thought
maybe this disease was born by germ
○
Took blood from someone with disease and injected into a
chicken and nothing happened
○
The chickens he used got sick and when the chicken's diet
changed and then they got better
The cook refused to allow military rice to civilian chicken
§
○
Gerrit Grijns realized that beriberi was caused by a nutrient
deficiency
Only 1 out of 10,000 prisoners in Java developed beriberi in
the prisons that served mostly brown rice, 1 out of 39
developed it in those that served white rice
§
○
Vitamin B1 is present in brown rice
Frederick Gowland Hopkins found this compound along with
Eijkman (won a nobel prize)
§
Compound could be isolated from certain foods and could
reserve beriberi
§
○
Carimir Funk isolated the anti-beriberi factor from brown rice and
found it to be an amine
Said it was a vital amine = vitamin
§
○
Vitamine B1 is also known as Thiamine
○
-
Activity 1
Casimir Funk coined the term vitamine for "vital amines"
-
Christian Eijkman and Frederick Gowland Hopkins received the Nobel
Prize for the discovery of what is now known as vitamin B1
-
What did Christian Eijkman identify as the cause of beriberi?
A dietary change in the consumption of white rice instead of
brown rice
○
-
Video 2
Dr. Joseph Goldberger
He is an epidemiologist who investigated pellagra which affected a
lot of people in the Southern states
Present in a lot of cotton pickers
§
○
Pellagra is known as the disease of the 4 D's: Dermatitis, diarrhea,
dementia, death
○
He used 11 healthy volunteers from a prison and some of them
were put on diets identical to those suffering from Pellagra and
that cotton pickers were used to and was able to show that they
were able to develop Pellagra
○
Another experiment he did was organize filth parties, injected
people with blood from people with pellagra to see if it was
catchy, but it wasn’t so he concluded it was part of the diet that
caused this disease
Dr. Conrad Elvehjem isolated a specific compound (Vitamin
B3 or Niacin which can be made in the body from
tryptophan which is an amino acid)
§
Anyone who has sufficient amount of protein will not be
Niacin deficient, those who had pellagra were protein
deficient
§
Niacin raises the HDL "good" cholesterol and lowers
triglycerides which is fats in the blood
This has a side effect which has to be in very high
doses and this causes facial flushing (feeling of pins
and needles and a very red face)
□
§
○
-
B vitamins are coenzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts (proteins) that are made in the
body and enhance reactions that constitute life
○
For enzymes to work properly they have to collude with the B
vitamins
○
Different B vitamins will react with different enzymes
○
B vitamins are involved in energy production
○
People are more tired when they are energy deficient, but if they
take B vitamins they will not have more energy
○
-
B6
If there is a deficiency you will feel weak, sleepy, peripheral
neuropathy, personality changes, dermatitis, glossitis-sore (red
tongue)
○
Giving vitamin B6 supplement will solve the problem
○
High doses of vitamin B6 will cause neuropathy
○
-
Activity 2
What is the name of the deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin
B3?
Pellagra
○
-
Which statement regarding vitamin B3 is correct?
It can be made in the body from tryptophan
○
-
Video 3
Folic acid
During pregnancy research has shown folic acid can reduce the
risk of malformations (spinal bifida)
○
In the US there is a decrease in spinal bifida and this is linked to
the foods with folic acid
○
Treating spinal bifida is very expensive and not needing this
treatment is helping to save a lot of money
○
Folic acid is available as a supplement and is given to pregnant
women who are not taking in flour/bread product
Need about 400mcg per day
§
○
In 1947, researchers found that giving folic acid to leukemia
patient made them worse and a diet deficient in folic acid was
improved
Led to the chemical to treat leukemia called methotrexate
which inhibits enzymes that would use folic acid in DNA
synthesis
§
Some concern that high doses of folic acid may enhance
cancer cell multiplication (but this has to be very, very high
doses)
§
○
-
Vitamin B12
Involved in metabolism, formation of red blood cells, maintenance
of the central nervous system
○
Only bacteria has the enzymes required for its synthesis (plants
and animals and we can't synthesize it) but the bacteria living in
animals can have B12 so when we eat animals we get B12 in that
way
○
Has cyanide in its structure but does not have any consequences
in the dose that it is in
○
Vitamin B12 deficiency has many symptoms and can be addressed
by taking a supplement or improving your diet
Who has to be especially careful: vegan, chron's disease and
celiac disease, as well as those who have excessive alcohol,
take antibiotics, use stomach acid controlling drugs
including H-2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors or take
metformin to treat type 2 diabetes
§
○
Low levels of B12 results in pernicious anemia by lack of intrinsic
factor produced by the stomach
Symptoms: weakness, tingling, numbness, smooth red
tongue, palpitations, shortness of breath, depression,
memory loss but this can be reversed by a supplement of
B12 (available in B12 or injections)
§
○
-
Activity 3
Cereals are often enriched with folic acid (true)
-
Vitamin B12 can be synthesized by plants (false)
-
Lecture 2 -Topic 1
Thursday, January 18, 2018
10:45 PM
11
CHEM 181 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
11 documents
Document Summary
Vitamins are nutrients needed in small amounts to prevent deficiency diseases. A balance diet contains all the vitamins in required amounts. Water soluble: b1, b2, b3, b5, b6, b7, b9, b12, c. Took a dog and fed it nothing but sugar and it died on the 32nd day of the experiment. Looked into bone broth to see if it could keep people alive, but the gelatin that leeches out of the bones could not sustain life because it is low in vitamins. Translate to i cannot, i cannot (people were crippled) Christian eijkman was interested in this disease and thought maybe this disease was born by germ. Took blood from someone with disease and injected into a chicken and nothing happened. The chickens he used got sick and when the chicken"s diet changed and then they got better. The cook refused to allow military rice to civilian chicken. Gerrit grijns realized that beriberi was caused by a nutrient deficiency.
