ANAT 322 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Signal Peptide, Isoelectric Point, Amine
7 Jun 2018
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ANAT 322 Winter 2017
Lectures
Lecture 1:
→ Historical Overview
3. Pituitary gland: situated at the base of the brain and was described as a separate organ by the Roman
physician Galen.
In the mid of the 19th century, when people started to do histology of the brain and trying to unravel
the anatomical connections of the brain, Arnold Bertholds demonstrated for the first time a hormonal
action in the body by castrating roosters and restoring their behavior and sexual function by
transplanting testes. It showed that the testes were producing a substance that conferred the roosters’
sexual capabilities and their behavioral effects.
Marie described a disease based on over-secretion of hormones called acromegaly and it has to do
with growth hormone.
4. Starling referred to secretin as hormone and coined the name for all hormones.
Cushing discovered the regulation of the endocrine system through the pituitary-gonadal axis and
described an adrenal disease called Cushing syndrome.
Harris showed that a brain region known as the hypothalamus, if electrically stimulated will alter
activity of the pituitary gland and the secretion of hormones. First demonstration that there is
something in the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain that controls the pituitary gland which has
control of other endocrine glands.
5. Scharrer proposed the concept of neurosecretion or secretion of hormones from neurons based in
histological findings where they found granular stained materials in neurons in the brain. These stains
were known to stain endocrine glands and so they found neuronal structures staining with humoral
techniques.
Bargmann worked with him and they found neuronal connections between the hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland.
6. Starting in the 95’s, these to laboratories went into a race to try to identify factors from the
hypothalamus that end up being the master controllers of the endocrine system in our bodies and they
discovered the five foremost and most important ones.
→ Neuroendocrine Communication
8. Neuroendocrinology: as most intracellular communication, is a special mode of chemical
communication.
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ANAT 322 Winter 2017
Lectures
Autocrine: Cells can produce factors that work back on receptors on their own surface. This happens
in many protozoans and single cellular plant organisms like algae and yeast cells such as mating factors
for sexual reproduction.
Paracrine: you have an endocrine cell embedded in a tissue such as the mucosa of the gastrointestinal
system that secrete hormones and affect neighbouring cells.
Endocrine: hormone-producing cells are concentrated in an endocrine gland that does not have
secretory ducts that lead to the body exterior but secrete into the blood stream so they are highly
vascularized with small capillaries.
Exocrine: the glands are the ones that have secretory ducts so if we look at cells that secrete into the
lumen these are exocrine because lumen is part of the external environment.
Neurocrine: chemical communication occurs through chemical synaptic transmission in the nervous
system. Secretion and action of the substances occur at synapses, or very precise sites, and this is a
specialized and optimized way of communication between cells.
Neuroendocrine: mix of the forms, some of them do not only establish synaptic communication with
target organs but many of them, located in hypothalamus mostly, release hormonally active messengers
into the bloodstream.
10. Hormone: as well as paracrine and autocrine, it is an old type of intercellular communication likely
the oldest type of communication.
11. Neuronal action: point-to-point, very precise formation of synapses into a selected set of target cells
Neuroendocrine action: neurons extend their axons to the site of release into the bloodstream and
hormones are transported. Everywhere in the body we encounter cells with receptors for these
substances.
12. Somatostatin: an inhibitory factor, also called growth hormone release inhibiting factor or hormone.
Parvocellular system: produces hypothalamic releasing factors and their main function is to control
the function of the anterior part of the pituitary.
Neurohypophyseal peptides: such as oxytocin and vasopressin, are hormones produced in the
hypothalamus that act in the periphery, are released in the pituitary gland but do not affect the function
of the pituitary cells.
13. Two systems in the hypothalamus:
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Historical overview: pituitary gland: situated at the base of the brain and was described as a separate organ by the roman physician galen. It showed that the testes were producing a substance that conferred the roosters" sexual capabilities and their behavioral effects. Marie described a disease based on over-secretion of hormones called acromegaly and it has to do with growth hormone: starling referred to secretin as hormone and coined the name for all hormones. Cushing discovered the regulation of the endocrine system through the pituitary-gonadal axis and described an adrenal disease called cushing syndrome. Harris showed that a brain region known as the hypothalamus, if electrically stimulated will alter activity of the pituitary gland and the secretion of hormones. These stains were known to stain endocrine glands and so they found neuronal structures staining with humoral techniques. Neuroendocrine communication: neuroendocrinology: as most intracellular communication, is a special mode of chemical communication.
