PARA 410 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, Personal Protective Equipment, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
12 Jun 2018
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8. PARA 410: Environment & Infection
1
RESPONSES TO EMERGING DISEASES
- Priority one
o Humanitarian concern for those who are sick (look after them)
- Priority two
o Reducing spread of epidemic
- Priority three: oe thigs are uder otrol, try to figure out hat’s goig o
o Research into source of infection, means of transmission, methods of control
- Need for multidisciplinary effort
EBOLA
- Viral hemorrhagic fever (major bleeding out of every orifice)
- Caused by filoviruses that have relatively fragile lipid (fatty) envelope vulnerable to chlorine, alcohol, formaldehyde, steam sterilization,
UV light, detergents
- Transmissible only by contact (including contact with droplets)
- High (but variable) mortality rate
- No licensed drug or vaccine but research ongoing
Map of History of Outbreaks
- History of major outbreaks
- Primarily western Africa
- Not uncommon to have outbreak in 2014
- Video on 1995 case (available in the library)
2014 Epidemic
- Outbreak first recognized in March of 2014
- The epicenter was forested Guinea = where started
- It spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone
- Numerous cross-border exchanges facilitated spread of epidemic
o made transmission easier
- 28,616 cases and 11,310 confirmed deaths in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone up to July 2016
Ebola – Standard Precautions
- Used by health team that goes in to help during the epidemic
- Personal protective equipment
- Proper hand hygiene best way to prevent spread
- Preventing needle stick injuries
- Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces
- Managing re-usable medical equipment
- Waste management (equipment used, gloves, and things that surround the home of the infected person)
- Minimum distance of 2 meters between staff and patients outside of Ebola Treatment Center
o Perimeter very important to prevent transmission
Incubation period
- From first contact to presentation with symptoms
- 2-21 days (most commonly 4-10 days)
- Patients NOT contagious before they show symptoms
o Good thing = spread before symptoms means higher chance of transmission
Clinic features
- Initially: vague flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, sore throat, myalgia)
- Next: asthenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
- Late (after 5-7 days): shock, hemorrhage, multiple organ failure (MOF)
- Death/Recovery: death occurs in 7-10 days after onset of symptoms, recovery will take longer
- Remember: patients will arrive at various stages of their symptoms
Case management
- Support focused on basic care with dignity (being humane with patient and during death management)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Priority one: humanitarian concern for those who are sick (look after them) Priority three: o(cid:374)(cid:272)e thi(cid:374)gs are u(cid:374)der (cid:272)o(cid:374)trol, try to figure out (cid:449)hat"s goi(cid:374)g o(cid:374) Research into source of infection, means of transmission, methods of control. Viral hemorrhagic fever (major bleeding out of every orifice) Caused by filoviruses that have relatively fragile lipid (fatty) envelope vulnerable to chlorine, alcohol, formaldehyde, steam sterilization, Transmissible only by contact (including contact with droplets) No licensed drug or vaccine but research ongoing. Video on 1995 case (available in the library) The epicenter was forested guinea = where started. Numerous cross-border exchanges facilitated spread of epidemic: made transmission easier. 28,616 cases and 11,310 confirmed deaths in guinea, liberia and sierra leone up to july 2016. Used by health team that goes in to help during the epidemic. Proper hand hygiene best way to prevent spread. Waste management (equipment used, gloves, and things that surround the home of the infected person)
