PSYC 215 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Social Learning Theory, Noxious Stimulus, Sex Doll
16 May 2018
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Lecture 18 March 20th
- Social Learning Theory:
• Behaviour is also learned through the observations of others.
• Bandura et al (1961) inflatable doll study.
• Aggression most likely to increase if models are rewarded and not
punished for their aggressive behaviors.
• By watching aggressive models, people:
▪ Learn specific aggressive behaviors
▪ Develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about
aggression in general.
▪ Construct aggressive scripts
• Non-aggressive models decrease aggressive behaviour.
- Situational influences on Aggression:
• Frustration:
▪ Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis:
▪ Frustration produced by interrupting a person’s progress to
a goal will always elicit the motive to aggress.
▪ All aggression is caused by frustration.
▪ The motive to aggress is a psychological drive that
resembles a physiological drive.
▪ If you can’t release it to the target then it can lead to
displacement.
▪ Catharsis is the reduction of this motive.
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▪ Violent behaviors seem to peak in summertime; it is
considered to be a frustrating time due to the heat one is
exposed to.
▪ Frustration is related to aggression but frustration does not
always produce aggressive inclinations.
▪ There are other causes of aggression besides frustration.
▪ Berkowitz (1989) revised the hypothesis.
▪ Frustration is but one of many unpleasant experiences that
can lead to aggression by creating negative, uncomfortable
feelings.
▪ It is the negative feelings, not frustration itself that can
trigger aggression.
▪ Negative feelings can also result from a wide variety of
noxious stimuli.
- Influences on aggression:
• Type of emotion (positive or negative)
• Intensity of arousal: greater the arousal, the more likely it is to lead
to aggressive behaviour
• Role of excitation transfer: one stimulus situation gives rise to a
certain state of arousal but then the situational context now gets
one to misattribute their arousal to a different stimulus and it
changes the color of their emotion completely
• Arousal Affect Model: Aggression is influenced by –
▪ Intensity of arousal
▪ Type of emotion produced by a stimulus
- Automatic Cognition (Situational Cues):
• Weapons Effect: The tendency for the presence of guns to
increase aggression.
• Potential aggression-enhancing situational cues are associated
with:
▪ Successful aggression, or
▪ The negative effect of pain or unpleasantness.
• Catharsis:
▪ Viewed as a two-step sequence:
1. Aggression reduces the level of physiological arousal.
2. Because arousal is reduced, become less angry and
less likely to aggress further.
▪ Research suggests that expressing aggressive behaviour
makes us more likely to express aggressive behaviour in the
future.
- Higher Order Cognition (Cognitive Control):
• Deliberate, thoughtful consideration of the situation can influence
aggression.
• Evaluating the probability that your aggression will lead to success;
high potential to aggress = more likely to aggress
• Aggression can be reduced because of mitigating information.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Situational influences on aggression: frustration, learn specific aggressive behaviors, develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression in general, frustration-aggression hypothesis, construct aggressive (cid:498)scripts(cid:499, frustration produced by interrupting a person"s progress to. It is the negative feelings, not frustration itself that can trigger aggression: negative feelings can also result from a wide variety of noxious stimuli. Influences on aggression: type of emotion (positive or negative) Information the person should not be held fully responsible for aggressive actions: some people exhibit a hostile attribution bias, i. e. the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others. Alcohol and aggression: alcohol, like high arousal, can impair the cognitive control of aggression, alcohol reduces anxiety, which lowers inhibitions against aggression. Intoxication causes alcohol myopia, a disruption in the way we process information: alcohol reduces the radius of our world and that has a negative impact on how we process information, our foresight is not operating at it"s best.
