PSYO 252 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Self Esteem (Song), Eye Contact, Acculturation
6 Jun 2018
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Psychology 252 – January 15th
• What makes an experiment important?
o Challenges existing theories
▪ Ie. Lepper (Field Experiment)
▪ To uderstad Leppers stud
• Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
o Intrinsic Motivation: Originates in factors within a person
▪ Ie. Breathing
o Extrinsic Motivation: Originates in factors outside the person
▪ Ie. Money
• Lepper et al., 1973 discovered the paradoxical effects of reward on
intrinsic motivation – the oerjustifiatio effet, hih halleged
reinforcement theory
o You do not want to reward something that is intrinsically
motivating or else you will destroy that intrinsic motivation
▪ Dot reard ehaiour that ou do at to do
▪ Reward behaviour that you do not want to do
o Figure 3.2
▪ Eliminated the intrinsic motivation with those who
expected a reward
▪ Same level with those who had an unexpected reward
o
o Integrates several theories
▪ Ie. Zajonc
▪ )ajos “oial Failitatio: Whe others Arouse Us
• Previous research found conflicting findings
o Sometimes the presence of others enhanced performance, but
at other times it impaired performance
▪ Well learned, or comes naturally – enhances
performance (correct response)
• Ie. Sprinters always run faster in front of a
crowd
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Challenging or new tasks – impairs performances
(incorrect response)
o Figure 8.2
o Challeges peoples ituitios/epetatios
▪ Ie. Milgram (Lab experiment)
▪ Milgras ‘esearh: Fores of Destrutie Oediee
• Conducted his experiments during the time that Adolf Eichmann (1906 –
1962) was being tried for Nazi war crimes
o Inspired Milgram to study obedience (how can humans kill each
other like they did in WWII)
• Milgras Oediee Eperiet
o Was run at Yale university – 20-60 age range
o Fully obedient – 1 in 1,000 Americans would be fully
oediet….3% ere
o
▪ At 120 – complains on pain
▪ At 225 – pleads to be let out/says he has a heart
condition
▪ 300 – Screams out
▪ 345 – Refuses to answer, silence
• The guy is either is unconscious or fully dead
o To be fully obedient you MUST shock
hi 9 ore ties…3% of people ill
(15 mins of shocking)
o Experimenter ol said thigs like: It is
imperative you continue You ust
otiue Etc.
• Figure 7.8
o In a control only 3% of people will shock a random stranger to
dead
o Males – 63%
o Females – 64%
o Victim is present – 40%
o Held – 30%
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ To administer you must pin them down to administer
the shock (even after unconscious/dead)
o Rebel – 10%
▪ Confederate will rebel No I ot oka ith this
behaviour)
• Note: This is basically the same today, but if the experimenter is female
– the obedience rates go down by 40%
o Large effect from a small manipulation
▪ Ie. Loftus (Laboratory Experiment)
▪ Biasing Eyewitness Reports – Figure 12.2
• Just changing the verb changes the speed of the car
o Cotated, Hit, “ashed
• Impacts eyewitnesses
• Laboratory Experiments
o Conducted in settings in which:
▪ The environment can be controlled
▪ The participants can be carefully studied
o Advantage: Coplete otrol…so if ou treat people the sae a differees are
recorded
o Disadatage: The are ot a eperiee oud ever have in real life
• Field Experiments
o Conducted in real-world settings
o Advantage: People are more likely to act naturally
o Disadvantage: Experimenter has less control
• Mundane vs. Experimental Realism
o Mundane Realism: The extent to which the research setting resembles the real-world
setting of interest
▪ Milgras experiment did not have this
o Experimental Realism: The degree to which the experimental setting and procedures are
real and involving to the participant
▪ Milgras eperiet did this er ell (too well)
• Therefore ethics, benefits need to outweigh the cons
• The Social Self
o The Self-Concept
▪ Self-Concept: The sum total of beliefs that people have about their own
attributes/characteristics
• Ie. Female, white, brown hair, enjoys politics, etc
▪ Not to be confused with self-esteem, which has an evaluative component
• (NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH SELF-ESTEEM: that you are a person of
value)
o Self is an important object of our attention
▪ Cocktail party effect
• The ability for people to pick out personally relevant information from a
complex environment
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Psychology 252 january 15th: what makes an experiment important, challenges existing theories. Lepper (field experiment: to u(cid:374)dersta(cid:374)d lepper(cid:859)s stud(cid:455) Intrinsic motivation: originates in factors within a person. Breathing: extrinsic motivation: originates in factors outside the person. Zajonc: )ajo(cid:374)(cid:272)(cid:859)s o(cid:272)ial fa(cid:272)ilitatio(cid:374): whe(cid:374) others arouse us, previous research found conflicting findings, sometimes the presence of others enhanced performance, but at other times it impaired performance, well learned, or comes naturally enhances performance (correct response) Sprinters always run faster in front of a crowd: challenging or new tasks impairs performances (incorrect response, challe(cid:374)ges people(cid:859)s i(cid:374)tuitio(cid:374)s/e(cid:454)pe(cid:272)tatio(cid:374)s, figure 8. 2. Milgram (lab experiment: milgra(cid:373)(cid:859)s esear(cid:272)h: for(cid:272)es of destru(cid:272)ti(cid:448)e o(cid:271)edie(cid:374)(cid:272)e, conducted his experiments during the time that adolf eichmann (1906 , was being tried for nazi war crimes. The obedience rates go down by 40: large effect from a small manipulation. Loftus (laboratory experiment: biasing eyewitness reports figure 12. 2. Just changing the verb changes the speed of the car: (cid:862)co(cid:374)ta(cid:272)ted(cid:863), (cid:862)hit(cid:863), (cid:862) (cid:373)ashed(cid:863)
