PHAR 100 Lecture 3: Lesson 1.3

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limerabbit179

11 Apr 2016

School

Queen's University

Department

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Course

PHAR 100

Professor

Bill Racz

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Document Summary

Lesson 1. 3: drug acion, dose-response curves and variability in response. Explain why dosage of drugs must be adjusted in individual paients. Any funcional macromolecular component of an organism, such as regulatory proteins, transporters, enzymes, or structural proteins. Most drugs inluence biological systems by interacing with and binding to receptors, resuling in an increase or decrease in the acivity of the receptor. Substances ordinarily found in the body, such as hormones and neurotransmiters. Drugs minim the acion of, or block the efect of, the endogenous ligand at the receptor. Drugs that bind to and simulate a receptor. Drugs that bind to but block the response at a receptor. A few classes of drugs do not exert their response by binding to receptors instead they exert their efects through chemical reacions or physical-chemical forces. Commonly used antacids neutralize stomach acid through a simple acid-base neutralizaion reacion.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

A partial agonist would:

		a) Have lower efficacy than a full agonist
		b) Would be less effective at stabilizing the active form of a receptor than a full agonist
		c) Would have greater intrinsic activity than an antagonist
		d) All of the above

QUESTION 2

The presence of spare receptors means that a drug would:

		a) Would have its potency unchanged by low levels of noncompetitive antagonists
		b) Still maintain its maximal efficacy at low concentrations of noncompetitive antagonists
		c) Achieve its maximal response without occupying all available receptors
		d) A and C
		e) B and C

QUESTION 3

A competitive antagonist would:

		a) Increase drug potency
		b) Decrease drug efficacy
		c) Decrease drug potency
		d) Increase drug efficacy

QUESTION 4

pH trapping explains:

		a) Why drugs will break down when exposed to acidic conditions
		b) Why drugs do not diffuse back and forth between the kidneys and circulation
		c) Why drugs are attracted to adipose tissue
		d) How drugs are metabolized

QUESTION 5

An ideal drug would have:

		a) High potency, high efficacy, and a large therapeutic index
		b) High potency, high efficacy, and a small therapeutic index
		c) A high ED50, high efficacy, and a large therapeutic index
		d) High intrinsic activity, low affinity, and a low LD50

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is most likely to cross the membrane of a cell?

		a) A nonpolar compound
		b) A polar compound
		c) A charged compound
		d) A large compound

QUESTION 7

Which is not a pharmacodynamic process?

		a) Absorption
		b) Excretion
		c) Metabolism
		d) Digestion

QUESTION 8

A drug with a low Vd would:

		a) Be less likely to bind to plasma proteins
		b) Have a higher rate of clearance
		c) Disseminate widely through tissues
		d) Remain primarily within the circulation

QUESTION 9

First-pass metabolism does not occur through which method of drug administration?

		a) Intramuscular
		b) Intravenous
		c) Transdermal
		d) Enteral

QUESTION 10

A drug with greater efficacy would:

		a) Have a greater maximal response
		b) Require a lower dose to reach its maximal effect
		c) Be less toxic
		d) All of the above

peachleopard847

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a drug that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. What effect would this have on an action potential?

(a)Prevent the rising phase

(b)Prevent the cell from reaching the threshold to trigger an action potential

(c)Prevent or prolong the falling phase

(d)None of the above

The hyperpolarization phase of the action potential is due to:

(a)The opening of voltage-gated Cl- channels

(b)Prolonged opening of voltage gated K+ channels

(c)The closure of resting Na+ channels

(d)Rapid inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels

The period when it is difficult to initiate another action potential for several milliseconds due to voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation is referred to as the:

(a)Relative refractory period

(b)Absolute refractory period

(c)Resting period

(d)Hyperpolarization period

In the human central nervous system, Gap junctions are found:

(a)Only between neurons

(b)Only between astrocytes

(c)In both neurons and astrocytes

(d)In all cells

Small molecule transmitters such as acetylcholine are synthesized in:

(a)The nerve terminal

B) The cell body and transported to the nerve terminal

C) Synaptic vesicles

D) Endoplasmic reticulum

Prior to Otto Loewiâs classical experiment, which of the following was not known:

(a)stimulation of the vagus nerve slows the heart

(b)extracts of frog heart, made following vagal nerve stimulation, slow the heart

(c)some acetylcholine effects are similar to those produced by muscarine

(d)vagal nerve stimulation releases a substance which slows the heart

Which of the following is most important in determining if neurotransmission is excitatory or inhibitory?

(a)The structure of the synapse

(b)The neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron

(c)The neurotransmitter receptor

(d)The strength of the stimulus

Benzodiazepines such as Valium allosterically regulate GABA receptors by:

(a)Binding at receptor sites other than the transmitter binding site

(b)Binding at the transmitter (GABA) binding site on the receptor

(c)Blocking the action of the endogenous transmitter

(d)Mimicking the action of the endogenous transmitter

GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated Cl- channels. The equilibrium potential of Cl- is -65 mV. At the neuronal resting membrane potential of -65 mV, GABA binding to the GABA-A receptor would result in the opening the Cl- channel, resulting in:

(a)no net flow of Cl- ions

(b)Cl- inflow and hyperpolarization

(c)Cl- outflow and depolarization

(d)Cl- outflow and hyperpolarization

At the mammalian neuromuscular junction, the released neurotransmitter acts on:

(a)muscarinic receptors

(b)nicotinic receptors

(c)adrenergic receptors

(d)Beta receptors

Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles by:

(a)endocytosis following transmitter release

(b)presynaptic membrane transporters

(c)vesicular transporters

(d)all of the above

. Which of the following are NOT types of ion channels?

Voltage-gated

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-gated

(c)Leak channels

(d)NONE of the above

NMDA receptors are unique in that their ion channel is:

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)Voltage-gated

(c)Ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels

(d)GPCR-gated

. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Catecholamine neurotransmitters

(a)Includes Dopamine, Norepinerphrine, and Epinephrine

(b)Contain a Catechol Ring

(c)Synthesized from Tryptophan

(d)Are produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the upper brainstem

The largest and most diverse group of receptors in eukaryotes is:

(a)Ligand gated receptors

(b)Glutamate receptors

(c)G-Protein coupled receptors

(d)Allosteric receptors

The most abundant G-protein coupled receptor in the brain is:

(a)Glutamate receptors

(b)Acetylcholine receptors

(c)Cannabinoid receptors

(d)Dopamine receptors

Which of the following drugs DOES NOT block voltage-gated Na+ channels

(a)Lidocaine

(b)Riluzole

(c)Reserpine

(d)Tetrodotoxin

Sarin, a nerve gas, exerts its toxicity by:

(a)blocking nicotinic receptors

(b)inhibiting choline acetyltransferase

(c)inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

(d)inhibiting voltage-gated Na+ channels

Botulinum Toxin (BoTox) interferes with transmitter release by:

(a)cleaving protein(s) involved in transmitter release

(b)blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

(c)blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels

(d)blocking voltage-gated K+ channels

Atropine is:

(a)An agonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(b)An antagonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(c)An agonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

(d)An antagonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

PHAR 100 Lecture 3: Lesson 1.3

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