ENH 333 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Exponential Growth, Petri Dish, Models 1

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28 Mar 2017

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Microbial growth is important to understand, so that it can be controlled! How cells divide, how cultures grow and how cell numbers increase are important to understand. Also the factors affecting the rate of growth are also important, for example, Changing these conditions can stop growth of one, but in turn ma create a new growth. Growth models are useful tools for understanding microbial growth. There are two types of microbial growth models one for unicellular (bacteria + yeasts) and the other for mycelial growth. Models created in the laboratory are used to estimate growth in food. Microbial growth models have been developed using cultures, usually liquid. The answer is yes (but also no) although food systems are far more complex than the simpler culture models, the information from models is still applicable. In liquid food, cells grow as individuals or small clumps . In solid food, cells grow as colonies on the surface or micro-colonies inside.

Related Questions

21- All living things have 1 of 2 possible cell types. What are these two cell types and how is one type

distinguished from the other. Living organisms can be classified into 3 domains. What are the 3 domains.

22. Be familiar with the terms that describe the shape and arrangement of bacteria.

23. Be familiar with bacterial cell structure and function, including the external components of the cell, the

cell wall, the cell membrane, and internal structures.

24. What distinguishes a Gram-positive bacterium from a Gram-negative bacterium.

25. Microbial growth.

a. What are the physical requirements for growth.

b. What are the chemical requirements for growth.

c. How can bacteria be classified based on their oxygen requirements, temperature preferences, and pH preferences.

d. Bacterial cells divide by a process called binary fission.

e. What are the 4 phases of a typical bacterial growth curve.How does one measure bacterial growth.

26. Metabolism

a. catabolism versus anabolism

b. What are enzymes and how do they work.

c. What is an oxidation and what is a reduction.

d. fermentation versus respiration; What are the stages/steps of respiration/fermentation.

e. aerobic respiration versus anaerobic respiration

f. What is (are) the terminal electron acceptor(s) in fermentation and in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

harlequingnu888

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

ENH 333 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Exponential Growth, Petri Dish, Models 1

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