MBB 222 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Electronegativity, Heterocyclic Compound, Chemical Formula

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blacktortoise173

2 Apr 2016

School

Simon Fraser University

Department

Molec Biol & Biochem

Course

MBB 222

Professor

dr.chu

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** bond polarity depends on the diference in electronegaivity. A dipole moment (d or ) is a measure of the polarity of a bond (or molecule). It is a product of: (q): the parial charges of the atoms, (x): the distance between these charges: (d or ) = (q)(x) Polar molecules: have an asymmetric charge distribuion due to unequal sharing of electrons resuling in a permanent dipole . Parts of the molecule have a parially negaive charge ( -) and parially posiive charge ( +). Localized electrons: are restricted to a paricular region. They can belong to either a single atom, or shared by two atoms. Delocalized electrons: shared by three or more atoms. Reminder of the rules: only electrons move, only pi electrons and lone-pair electrons can move, the total number of electrons in the molecule does not change. Aromaic rules: must have an uninterrupted cyclic cloud of electrons above and below the plane of the molecule:

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Show transcribed image text LTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers th tion. 1) 1) How many lone pairs are on the Br atom in BrF2-? D) 3 A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 2) 2) Based on VSEPR theory, which should have the smallest XAX bond angle? D) A) B) C)
5) Arrange in order from the smallest to the largest bond angle: CH3+, NF3, NH4+, XeF4. 5) A) XeF4, NH4+, NF3, CH3+ C) NF3, NH4+, XeF4, CH3+ B) XeF4, NF3, NH4+, CH3+ D) CH3+, NF3, NH4+, XeF4
11) What is the bond angle in the following molecular model of NO2-? A) less than 109.5 B) 109.5 C) less than 120Â° but greater than 109.5 D) 120Â° 12) 12) What are the bond angles in the folowing molecular model of SO32-? ao A) less than 109.5 B) 109.5Â° C) less than 120Â° but greater than 109.5 D) 120 13) 13) How many of the following molecules are polar? B) 0 D) 3 E) 1 A) 2 14 14) Determine the electron geometry (eg, molecular geometry (mg. and polarity of Pa A) eg-trigonal pyramidal mg-trigonal pyramidal polar B) eg-tetrahedral mg-bent, polar C) eg-tetrahedral, mg-trigonal pyramidal polar D) eg-linear, mg-linear, nompolar E) eg-trigonal planar, mg-trigonal planar, nonpolar 15) Which orbital hybridization is associated with a tetrahedral charge cloud arrangement? 15)__ B) sp3 D) None of these C) sp 16) Which of the following is not true? 16 A) An sp3 hybrid orbital may hold a lone pair of electrons B) An sp3 hybrid orbital may form a pi bond by overlap with an orbital on another atom. C) An sp3 hybrid orbital may form a sigma bond by overlap with an orbital on another atom. D) The sp3 hybrid orbitals are degenerate.
chlo 17) What orbital hybridization is expected for the central atom in a molecule with a trigonal 17)_ planar geometry? A) sp2 C) sp B) sp3 D) None of these 18) Which atomic orbitals are involved in bonding and which as lone pair orbitals for 18) N2H2? H N N-H A) boading: s on H, sp2 and p on N B) bonding: s on H, sp2 on N C) bonding: sp2 on both H and N D) bonding: s on H, p on N lone pair: sp2 on N lone pair: p on N lone pair: p on N lone pair: sp2 on N 19) Place the following in order of increasing dipole moment 20) Give the hybridization for the O in OF2 21) Give the hybridization for the Br in BrCl3 22) Give the hybridization for the C in HCCH A)sp 20) E) sp3 Ð)sp3d 21) D) sp E)sp3 A)sp3 B) sp3d2 C) sp 22) D) sp3d E)sp2
23) Identify the set of hybrid orbitals shown below. A) sp C) sp3 B) sp2 D) None of these 24) Which molecule has a central atom that uses the set of hybrid orbitals shown below to form bonds 24) with the non-central atoms? A) NO2 B) H20 C) co2

Nomenclature lab : will rate answer

Nomenclature lab: will choose best answr

= nonmetal

-3

-2

-1

= metalloid

Type I Binary Ionic Compounds

Type I binary ionic compounds contain a metal and a nonmetal AND the metal that is present only forms one type of cation. Metals with only one cation(shaded below with charges). Both the metal and the nonmetal form ions, which is why it is called an ionic compound.

From the following list, cross out those compounds that do NOT belong in the category for Type I binary ionic compounds.

NaCl FeCl2 CaCl2 TiO2 MgO AlBr3 KCl K2S BeF2 Cu2O3 AgCl Zn3N2

Formula and name examples for Type I binary ionic compounds:

KI = potassium iodide BaO = barium oxide ZnF2 = zinc fluoride Na2S = sodium sulfide

Ag3N = silver nitride BeCl2 = beryllium chloride

What type of element is always listed first (metal or nonmetal)? ____________ second? ___________

Is the name of the first element in the compound different from the element? (yes/no)

What is the common ending for all the names? ______________

In zinc fluoride, there are 2 fluoride atoms, are they indicated in the name? (yes/no)

What is the charge on the zinc ion? _______

What is the charge on the fluoride ion? _______

Why do you need one zinc ion and two fluoride ions for the formula for zinc fluoride?

Why do you need two sodium ions for every sulfide ion in sodium sulfide?

Try not to look in your book and determine the rules for naming type I binary ionic compound when given the formula.

Try not to look in your book and determine the rules for writing the formula for a type I binary compound when given the name.

Name each of the type I binary ionic compounds listed in Question 1 of the Type I section in words.

Type II Binary Ionic Compounds

Type II binary ionic compounds also contain a metal and a nonmetal however the metal that is present here can form more than one type of cation. Metals with multiple possible charges are listed in the periodic table as blank. Type II metals are NOT Type I metals. Again, both the metal and the nonmetal form ions, and it is still called an ionic compound. These metals usually only form two different ions.

From the following list, cross out those compounds that do NOT belong in the category for Type II binary ionic compounds.

AlP FeCl2 Ag2O VBr5 CoS SnF2 K3N SrF2 CuBr AuCl3 ZnO HgS

Formula and name examples for Type II binary ionic compounds:

Fe2O3 = iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide FeO = iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide

CuS = copper(II) sulfide or cupric sulfide CuCl = copper(I) chloride or cuprous chloride

MnO2 = manganese(IV) oxide or manganic oxide MnCl2 = manganese(II) chloride or manganous chloride

What type of element is always listed first (metal or nonmetal)? ____________ second? ___________

Is the name of the first element in the compound different from the element? (yes/no)

What is the common ending for the nonmetal portion of the names? ______________

In the compound FeO, what is the charge on iron? _______

In the compound Fe2O3, what is the charge on iron? ________

What does the Roman number after the metal name represent?

Try not to look in your book and determine the rules for naming type II binary ionic compound when given the formula.

Try not to look in your book and determine the rules for writing the formula for a type II binary compound when given the name.

Name each of the type II binary ionic compounds listed in Question 1 of the Type II section in words.

Type III (Nonmetallic) Binary Compounds

Binary compounds that do not contain metals, sometimes referred to as binary molecular compounds, have covalent bonds instead of ionic bonds. A covalent bond is formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons. The pair of electrons is shared by both atoms. For example, in forming H2, each hydrogen atom contributes one electron to the single bond.

From the following list, cross out those compounds that do NOT belong in the category for binary compounds containing only nonmetals or metalloids.

CCl4 AlCl3 CO SeF6 SiO2 SrI2 P4O10 TiO2 SeO3 IrCl ZrO2 N2O5

Formula and name examples for Type III binary molecular compounds:

CO2 = carbon dioxide H2O = dihydrogen monoxide

IF5 = iodine pentafluoride BF3 = boron trifluoride

Which element is listed first in the name?

Is the name of the first element in the compound different from the element? (yes/no)

What is the common ending for all the names? ______________

What do the prefixes (di-, mono-, penta-, tri-) in the names above mean?

Is the prefix mono- used when there is only one atom of the first element? (yes/no)

Is the prefix mono- used when there is one atom of the second element? (yes/no)

Try not to look at your book and determine the rules for naming type III binary ionic compound when given the formula.

Name each of the type III binary compounds in Question 1 of the Type III section in words.

Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are ions that as a group have a set charge. Polyatomic ions are usually recognized in a formula by the grouping of more than one nonmetal elements after a metal. Your book has a table listing polyatomic ions. Use your bookâs table to fill in the following table with the appropriate names/formulas of the polyatomic ions.

Name	Formula	Name	Formula
hydronium		chlorite
phosphate			C2H3O2-1
	SO3-2		ClO4-1
	OH-1	carbonate
cyanide			NO2-1

Polyatomic ions containing oxygen (oxyanions or oxoanions) are somewhat special.

carbonate = CO3-2

Match the location of carbon on the periodic table with the two figures on the right.

What number is in the carbon location on the left figure? To what does this number refer?

What number is the carbon location on the right figure? To what does this number refer?

What element must all oxyanions contain?

What is the ending of the name of the ion determined from these tables?

Determine the formula for the following oxyanions using the figures above. Phosphate _________ Silicate ________ Bromate ________ Iodate ________ Sulfate ________ Nitrate ________

Review Table

Use your knowledge of Type I and Type II metals as well as the appropriate polyatomic name/formula to fill in the following table.

Name	Formula	Name	Formula
sodium phosphate			Cu(ClO)2
tin (II) nitrate		calcium sulfate
	KCN	ammonium nitrate
	Sr(MnO4)2		MnSO4

Acids

Acids are compounds that when dissolved in water, produce hydrogen ions (H+). Naming acids can be tricky. Use the following figure to determine how to name an acid.

FG02_27

Given that the ion formula is NO2-1, how can one determine the name of the ion, acid formula, and acid name?

Ion name:

What is the formula for nitrate?

Is NO2-1 the nitrate ion or the nitrite ion?

Acid formula:

According to the figure above, what ion must be added to create an acid? What is the charge of that ion?

How many of the hydrogen ions must be added to NO2-1 to make a neutral acid (zero charge)?

What is the chemical formula for the acid created when hydrogen ion(s) are added to NO2-1?

Acid name:

Based on your answer to Question 1 above, does the name for the NO2-1 ion end in âite or âate?

Name the acid, HNO2.

Fill in the following acid table:

Acid Formula	Acid Name	Anion Formula	Anion Name
HCl	hydrochloric acid	ClÂ¯	chloride
		ClO3Â¯
	sulfuric acid
			bromate
		PO4-3
HF
H2CO3
		C2H3O2 Â¯

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MBB 222 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Electronegativity, Heterocyclic Compound, Chemical Formula

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