HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Stress Management, Venae Cavae, Aspirin

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turquoiseotter326

21 Jun 2018

School

University of Alberta

Department

Health Education

Course

HE ED110

Professor

Paul Nya

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Chapter 7

Learning Objectives

1. List the major components of the cardiovascular system and describe how blood is

pumped and circulated throughout the body

2. Describe the controllable and uncontrollable risk factors associated with cardiovascular

disease

3. Discuss the major forms of cardiovascular disease and how they develop

4. List the steps you can take to lower your personal risk of developing cardiovascular

disease

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the collective term for various diseases of the heart and

blood vessels

Heart disease and stroke claim one life every 8 minutes

Heart attacks and strokes are the second and third leading causes of death in Canada

making them the most common life-threatening manifestations of CVD

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Heart attack is the number two killer of Canadian women (after cancer)

Fatal heart attacks are increasing in people ages 45-64

CVD is largely due to our way of life

Unhealthy diet

Overweight

Sedentary

Smoke

Poor stress management

Uncontrolled high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels

The Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the body and consists of the heart

and blood vessels

Pulmonary circulation is governed by the right side of the heart as blood is circulated

between the heart and the lungs

Systemic circulation is governed by the left side of the heart and circulates blood

between the heart and the rest of the body

The Cardiovascular System

Vena cava

Either of the two large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium

of the heart

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to

the ventricles

Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood through arteries to the

lungs and other parts of the body

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Aorta

The large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to

the body

The Cardiovascular System

Systole

The heart’s contraction phase

 Diastole

The period of relaxation in the heart

Blood pressure

The force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels.

The Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels are classified by size and function

Veins carry blood to the heart; thin walled

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; thick elastic walls which expand and

relax with the volume of blood

Capillaries are very small blood vessels that serve to exchange oxygen and

nutrients between the blood and the tissues

Coronary arteries branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with

oxygenated blood

Risk Factors for

Cardiovascular Disease

Two categories of increased risk of CVD

Major risk factors

Contributing risk factors

Major risk factors that can be changed:

Tobacco use

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Physical inactivity

Obesity

Diabetes

Tobacco Use

1 in 7 deaths from CVD is attributable to smoking

In 2007, an estimated 5.2 million Canadians were tobacco users

Smoking contributes to 37,000 deaths annually in Canada (11,000 are CVD related)

Tobacco Use

Smoking…

Damages the lining of arteries

Reduces HDL; raises triglycerides and LDL

Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate

CO displaces O2

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Causes platelets (cell fragments in the blood necessary for formation of blood

clots) to become sticky in the bloodstream which leads to clotting

Speeds the development of fatty deposits in the arteries

High Blood Pressure

Hypertension

Sustained abnormally high blood pressure

Risk factor for many forms of CVD

Too much force is exerted against arterial walls

High Blood Pressure

Causes

Atherosclerosis (arteries become clogged and narrowed)

Scarred and/or hardened arteries

Weakened and enlarged heart

Health Risks

Silent killer

Primary hypertension (genetics, environment, lifestyle)

Secondary hypertension (underlying illness)

High Blood Pressure

Prevalence

20% Canadian adults have hypertension

Only 66% have it controlled

20% of Canadian adults have prehypertension

Incidence increases with age, oral contraceptive use, First Nations Canadian

adults, African and South Asian descent

Treatment

Cannot be cured, but can be controlled

Have blood pressure tested once every two years

High Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream

It is an important component of:

Cell membranes

Sex hormones

Vitamin D

Fluid that coats the lungs

Protective sheaths around nerves

Excessive cholesterol clogs the arteries and increases the risk of CVD

Good versus Bad Cholesterol

Low–density lipoproteins (LDL)

Bad cholesterol

Shuttle cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

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Document Summary

Cardiovascular disease (cvd) is the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Heart disease and stroke claim one life every 8 minutes. Heart attacks and strokes are the second and third leading causes of death in canada making them the most common life-threatening manifestations of cvd. Heart attack is the number two killer of canadian women (after cancer) Fatal heart attacks are increasing in people ages 45-64. Cvd is largely due to our way of life. Uncontrolled high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels. The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the body and consists of the heart and blood vessels. Pulmonary circulation is governed by the right side of the heart as blood is circulated between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation is governed by the left side of the heart and circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Related Questions

Need 150 word response to the below discussion post

The heart is the most important muscle in your body. The heart is just like a pump that moves the blood throughout the body. This action is what keeps us alive. We are typically taught about the danger of a heart attack, and what we must change in our lives to prevent it; but just like many people, I am at a high risk for heart disease because of family history as well as because of my firefighter career, as heart disease is the number one killer of firefighters (Fire Engineering, 2012). According to the American Heart Association, âboth the risk of heart disease and risk factors for heart disease are strongly linked to family historyâ (American Heart Association, 2016). However, even though your family history provided a picture or marker for possible issues, it is up to us to lower the risk by making changes in our lifestyles.

Heart attacks are caused by blockage that stops blood flow to the heart. A heart attack is when there is damage or death to the heart muscle tissue due to loss of blood supply and this does not necessarily result in an individual's death. A heart attack can show symptoms, such as radiating chest pain or discomfort, dizziness or nausea, sweating, anxiety, stomach pain and shortness of breath. Women have the same symptoms, but they do show some difference in that they describe the pain in their stomach and shoulder blades. In the field we treat heart attack by treating the symptoms; we use IV fluids, baby aspirin, as well as nitroglycerin.

There is another silent killer that most people do not hear much about or they think it is the same thing as a heart attack. As a medic, I deal with this life and death situation all the time, and it interesting to see how many people are not aware of the difference of a heart attack and a sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. This can happen at any time, its unexpected and occurs instantly, or seconds after symptoms occur. Cardiac arrest is caused when the heartâs electrical system malfunctions. This causes the heart to go into and irregular heart rhythm (ventricular fibrillation). When this happens, the hearts lower chambers suddenly start quivering and this stops the pump of blood in the heart. The only thing that can reverse cardiac arrest is early defibrillation and CPR. Most people think that a defibrillator can be used on heart attack patients, but this is not the case. The defibrillator is used to shock the heart and restore the normal heart rhythm, if the heart stops, then CPR has to be performed.

Unlike a heart attack, sudden cardiac arrest can happen to anyone, no matter how health or fit they are. According to the American Heart Association âcardiac arrest is a leading cause of death, nearly 360,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occur annually in the United Statesâ (American Heart Association, 2016).

blackbeetle526

The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

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HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Stress Management, Venae Cavae, Aspirin

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