MMI445 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Respiratory Tract, Respiratory Tract Infection

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amethystyak344

9 Mar 2016

School

University of Alberta

Department

Medical Microbiology and Immunology

Course

MMI445

Professor

Judy Gnarpe

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Document Summary

Upper respiratory tract infections or lower respiratory tract infections. Important due to the ease of transmission from respiratory secretions. Rhinovirus***, corona virus**, parainluenza virus, rsv, inluenza virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex, epstein barr. Children get it more: some sort of immunity. Cause a lot of deaths- compared to aids and diarrheal disease. *an extrememly dangerous situation occurs when a viral respiratory infection paves the way for a secondary bacterial infection: most people don"t die of viral pneumonia but a second bacterial infection! e. g. inluenza a infection followed by a staphylococcus aureus. Picornavirus, ssrna, non-enveloped (not as easy to inactivate, alcohol won"t do much- way to prevent colds- scrub hands with soap and water) Similar to enterovirus, but inactive at ph<6-wont disseminate in the body: can"t handle human ph in stomach. Infects only humans and primates: because of receptor speciicity. Typical symptoms: sore throat, sneezing, runny nose (parisa), sometimes low grade fever, sometimes cough.

Related Questions

The epiglottis acts as a

voice box.

filter for microorganisms and debris.

cover over the larynx.

producer of mucus.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 1)

Collectively, the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx make up the

nasopharynx.

oropharynx.

laryngopharynx.

upper respiratory system.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 1)

The cilia present on cells of the lower respiratory system function by:

trapping microorganisms and foreign debris.

propelling microorganisms and particles out.

preventing colonization by potential pathogens.

all of the above.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 2)

The most common causative agent of a swollen and painful oropharynx is

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Rhinovirus.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 3)

Infections associated with cystic fibrosis are due to inflammation of the:

bronchi.

bronchioles.

lungs.

alveoli.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 3)

A physician sends a nasal washing for viral culture. This specimen is

unacceptable because it is contaminated with upper respiratory flora.

acceptable as long as it contains epithelial cells.

unacceptable if it is for the detection of influenza or respiratory syncytial viruses.

acceptable if it has a thick consistency and is yellow or green in color.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 4)

A patient is unable to produce adequate sputum for routine, acid-fast, and fungal cultures. The physician may attempt to obtain a/an

induced sputum.

transtracheal aspirate.

bronchoalveolar lavage.

pleural fluid.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 4)

9. Two throat swabs are received from a 6-year-old female with orders for a rapid screen for group A Streptococcus. One swab is tested using the group A Streptococcus rapid screen, and it is negative. The second swab is used to inoculate

a. sheep blood agar.

b. chocolate agar.

c. no culture is necessary.

d. a and b.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 6)

Which of the following disease states requires the addition of selective and/or differential medium to ensure recovery of potential pathogens from the respiratory system?

Pertussis

Cystic fibrosis

Laryngitis

a and b

all of the above

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 6)

11. A throat culture provides the following results:

Moderate growth of alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, optochin-susceptible, gram-positive diplococci

Heavy growth of alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, optochin-resistant, gram-positive cocci

Heavy growth of gamma-hemolytic, oxidase-positive, glucose- and maltoseÂ-positive, gramÂ diplococci

You would report

moderate growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of Neisseria meningitidis and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

ANSWER:

(Level 3, Objective 7)

Yeast colonies in a sputum culture are considered significant when they

are present.

comprise 25% of the organisms present.

comprise 50% of the organisms present.

comprise 75% of the organisms present.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 7)

13. An 8-year-old male presents with a red and sore throat. The rapid group A Streptococcus screen is negative, and a sheep blood agar is inoculated. At 24 hours, there are no beta-hemolytic colonies present and moderate growth of normal upper respiratory flora. At 48 hours, the same culture results are present. Which of the following statements does not explain these results?

a. His sore throat is due to Haemophilus influenzae, and it will not grow on blood agar.

b. The culture was taken very early in the infection.

c. The patient received treatment prior to specimen collection.

d. The causative agent is not bacterial.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 8)

17. A quantitative bronchial alveolar lavage culture requires:

1. sheep blood agar.

2. chocolate agar.

3. 0.01 mL pipette.

4. 0.001 mL pipette.

a. 1 and 3

b. 1, 3, and 4

c. 2, 3, and 4

d. 2 and 4

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 9)

18. A bronchial washing is plated to a BCYE. This agar should be examined under a laminar flow hood due to the potential for recovery of Legionella pneumophila and

a. Bordetella pertussis.

Francisella tularensis.

mould.

Pneumocystis jiroveci.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 9)

20. A physician submits a sputum with a culture request for Legionella. Select the growth medium that should be used to cultivate this organism.

a. 7H10

b. TCBS

c. BCSA

d. BCYE

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 6)

coppertoad665

21)Diagnosis of infectious diseases may include the followinglevels: a) ckinical b) Antibody response c) Isolation andidentification of the causative agent d) All of the above e) Noneof the above

22)The lower respiratory tract is ususally kept free ofmicroorganisms by: a) The combined action of mucus secretion andciliary action b) Antibiotics c) Frequent use of nose drops d) Allof the above e) None of the above

23)Complications following recovery from acute infections byB-streptococci may include: a)Erysipelas b) rheumatic fever c)Acute glomerulonephritis d) Only B and C above e)All of theabove

24)he virulwnce of the pneumococcus appears to be solelydependent on: a) Leukocidins b) Hyaluronidase c) Capsule d)Hemolysins e) None of the above

25)The organism responsible for most cases of acute bacterialmeningitis in the aduly is: a) Haemophilus influenzae b)diplococcus pneumoniaenc) Neisseria catarrhalis d) Neisseriameningitidis e) None of the above

26)The source of most meningococcal infections is: a) Healthycarrier b) Direct contact with an acute infection c) Contaminatedwater d) Insect vectors e) None of the above

27)Local inflammation and fever in whooping cough may be due tothe release of: a) Exotoxins b) Endotoxins c) Extracellular enzymesd) Only A and B above e) None of the above

28)The severity of diphtheria is due to: a) Action of exotoxinb) Action of endotoxins c) Infection following tracheotomy d) Allof the above e) none of the above

29)The most important preventive measure for diphtheria is: a)Avoid infected persons b) Immunizaton with diphtheria toxoid c)Immunization with diphtheria antitoxin d) Antibiotic prophylaxis e)None of the above

30)A point to note in relation to tuberculosis is: a) It isalways acute b) It is always chronic c) The outcome of the strugglebetween the tubercle bacillus and the hist may not be decided formany years d) The disease is always confined to the lungs e) Noneof the above

31)A posotive tuberculin test indicated: a) active tuberculosisb) The person has been infected with tubercle bacilli c)hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein d) None of the above e) Only Band C above

32)An individual can have several common cold infections over ashort period because: a) Over 100 serologic types of rhinoviruseshave been isolated b) Each type of rhinovirus is immunologicallydistinct c) No immunity results from any virus infection d) All ofthe above e) Only A and B above

33)An effective vaccine against the common cold does not appearfeasible because: a) There are over 100 different rhinoviruses b)There is no immunity to rhinoviruses c) rhinoviruses cannot becultivated insufficient quantity d) Rhinoviruses cannot beattenuated for safe use e) none of the above

34)The most feared complication of mumps is: a) Sterility in themale b) Infertility in the female c) Pneumonia d) Endocarditis e)None of the above

35)Smallpox can be controlled by: a) Antibiotics b) Antiserum c)Vaccintion d) Isolation of infected persons e) none of theabove

36)Which of the following may be spread by respiratorysecretions? a) Measles b) INFLUENZA C) smallpox d) All of the abovee) only A and C above

37)which of the following genera are lactose-fermenters? a)Excherichia b) Enterobacter c) Salmonella and shingella d) All ofthe above e) Only A and B above

38)The main antibiotic effective against Salmonella typhosa is:a) Penicillin b) streptomycin c) Chloramphenicol d) Sulfanilaminee) None of the above

39)Poliomyelitis is spread primarily by: a) Respiratorysecretions b) Droplet nuclei c) Feca-oral route d) Only A and Babove

40)The most common method for the transmission of serumhepatitis is: a) direct injection b) Respiratory secretions c)Fomities d) Contaminated water e) None of the above

41)The infective source for amebic dysentery is: a) Chickens b)Chronically infected persons c) carriers d) All of the above e)Only B and C above

42)Urinary tract infections are most commonly caused by: a)Gram-negative bacilli b) gram-positive cocci c) gram-positivebacilli d) Gram-negative cocci e) None of the above

43)The causative agent of syphillis: a) Neisseria gonorrheae b)Treponema pallidum c) Chlamydia d) Haemophilus ducreyi e) None ofthe abobe

44)The gonococcus is morphologically similar to: a) Treponemzpallidum b) Meningococcus c) Staphylococcus d) Streptococcus e)None of the above

45)Which of the following disease agents may be tranmittedthrough sexual intercourse? a) Haemophilus ducreyi b) Chlamydia c)Trichomonas vaginalis d) All of the above e) Only A and B above

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