NUTR100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Lean Body Mass, Fad Diet, Double Burden

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coffeesea-lion820

13 Dec 2017

School

University of Alberta

Department

Nutrition

Course

NUTR100

Professor

Sabina Valentine

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Document Summary

At least one question from fad diet (online lecture). Undernutrition: loss of lean body mass, wasting of muscle and so on. Not getting right nutrition in the diet, foods have low nutrient density like fast food and pop. Two faces of malnutrition exist together: underweight and overweight. As countries develop economically, the incidence of underweight drops and the proportion of overweight increases because of greater food availability and people are much more sedentary. Linear growth of child (height for age): gives a measure of nutritional status of children. The interruption in the cycle of undernutrition can result in benefits. Life expectancy decreased, little medical care, low literacy: high infant mortality. Infections like measles are often very fatal in malnourished children. A child gets respiratory infection in a developed country doesn"t die because of better health care. Children, pregnant women, elderly, sick: prone to malnutrition.

Related Questions

PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

QUESTION 1 The nutrition transition is driven by three major ecologic factors; demographics, urbanization and changes in a.Longevity b.Standard or living c. Dietary trends

QUESTION 2 The dual burden of populations in nutrition transition refers to finding obesity and ________ coexisting within the same household a.Overnutrition b.Undernutrition c. sedentary lifestyle d.None of the above

QUESTION 3 Following the global financial crisis of 2008, which of the following occurred that left the poor and undernourished populations less food secure that they were earlier in the decade a.Crop diversion for biofuel production b.Restrictive trade policies c.Surging oil prices d.All of the above

QUESTION 4 The Barker hypothesis proposes that under nutrition at different phases of intrauterine and postnatal growth results in an increased risk for a.Kidney disease b.Type 2 diabetes c.Liver disease d.Osteoporosis

QUESTION 5 According to Merson, South Korea has retained elements of its traditional diet, such as high rice and vegetable consumption, which has resulted in adult overweight status but not a.Undernutrition b.Micronutrient deficiencies c.Obesity d.None of the above

QUESTION 6 According to Popkin, some of the major technological clashes with human biology contributing to the obesity pandemic include a.Infant formula b.Edible oil revolution c.Sanitation d.Antibiotics

QUESTION 7 According to Popkin, ________ is one of the few low or middle-income countries to aggressively move against sugar-sweetened beverages and other high-calorie, less healthful beverages. a.Russia b.Kuwait c.Mexico d.None of the above

QUESTION 8 According to Popkin, one of the limitations of the current research on obesity in low and middle-income countries is the focus on women of child bearing age and __________ a.adolescents b.preschoolers c.the elderly d.None of the above QUESTION 9 More people in the world are now overweight or obese than underweight. True False

QUESTION 10 Popkin says that the overarching trend that is encouraging all these challenges in diet and lifestyle which lead to obesity is __________ a.GMO's b.Pesticides c.Corporate farms d.Globalization

QUESTION 11 Iron deficiency is considered the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world True False

QUESTION 12 The WHO/UNICEF recommends giving breast milk alone for the first __________ months of life. a.12 b.3 c.6 d.4

QUESTION 13 Breastfeeding markedly improves an infant's chances of surviving the first 2 to 3 months of life. True False QUESTION 14 Breast milk can transmit HIV True False

QUESTION 15 Food security is not only dependent on food availability but also ______ a.GMO's b.Fertilizers c.Food Access

QUESTION 16 One of the populations at risk for undernutrition are the elderly True False

QUESTION 17 Diarrheal diseases and pneumonia are the two most common causes of death in children younger than five years of age in low-income countries True False

QUESTION 18 According to this week's lecture, 80% of arable land worldwide has lost productivity because of soil degradation True False

QUESTION 19 According to Merson, evidence is slowly accumulating that ______ among older persons is an immense and growing problem in low- and middle-income countries. a.iodine deficiency b.malaria c.vitamin a deficiency d.undernutrition

QUESTION 20 Which is labeled the most common preventable cause of mental retardation a.Iodine deficiency b.Vitamin D deficiency c.Copper deficiency d.Zinc deficiency

ceriseminnow141

PLEASE HELP ME ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS.

QUESTION 1 The nutrition transition is driven by three major ecologic factors; demographics, urbanization and changes in a.Longevity b.Standard or living c. Dietary trends

QUESTION 9 More people in the world are now overweight or obese than underweight. True False

QUESTION 11 Iron deficiency is considered the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world True False

QUESTION 12 The WHO/UNICEF recommends giving breast milk alone for the first __________ months of life. a.12 b.3 c.6 d.4

QUESTION 13 Breastfeeding markedly improves an infant's chances of surviving the first 2 to 3 months of life. True False

QUESTION 14 Breast milk can transmit HIV True False

QUESTION 15 Food security is not only dependent on food availability but also ______ a.GMO's b.Fertilizers c.Food Access

QUESTION 16 One of the populations at risk for undernutrition are the elderly True False

QUESTION 17 Diarrheal diseases and pneumonia are the two most common causes of death in children younger than five years of age in low-income countries True False

QUESTION 18 According to this week's lecture, 80% of arable land worldwide has lost productivity because of soil degradation True False

QUESTION 20 Which is labeled the most common preventable cause of mental retardation a.Iodine deficiency b.Vitamin D deficiency c.Copper deficiency d.Zinc deficiency

harlequinplatypus501

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 11

If you were interested in investing in maternal and child health using a results-based financing scheme, which program is the most appropriate?

A. Invest in training more skilled birth attendants in a village.

B. A plan to give the local clinic in the village a grant after the clinic demonstrates that its efforts have led after two years to lower under-5 child mortality.

C.Provide all pregnant women in the village with a full course of antenatal vitamins.

QUESTION 12

In Skolnikland today, approximately what proportion of the burden of disease, measured in DALYs, is likely to be Group I-related?

A. 45%

B. 35%

C. 60%

QUESTION 13

In Skolnikland, life expectancy fell in the 1990s, which can be attributed to:

A. Malaria

B. HIV

C. Pneumonia

QUESTION 14

In Skolnikland, the cost for treating severe diarrhea in young children is $18 for community-based care and $20 for clinic-based care. The cure rate for community-based care is 60%. The cure rate for clinic-based care is 90%. Which approach is the most cost-effective?

A. Community-based care

B. Clinic-based care

C. They are equally cost-effective

QUESTION 15

In Skolnikland, what are likely to be three of the five leading causes of death of under-5 children, besides perinatal causes?

A. TB, diarrhea, pneumonia

B. Malaria, diarrhea, measles

C. Diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia

NUTR100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Lean Body Mass, Fad Diet, Double Burden

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