PSYCO105 Lecture Notes - Lecture 33: Exposure Hierarchy, Intellectual Disability, Reinforcement
1 May 2018
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Professor
1. Behaviour → Maladaptive behaviours are the problem, not a symptom
a. Problem behaviours are learned and maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through
classical and operant conditioning modeling.
i. Dogs salivating due to bell sound (classical sound) = Classical response
ii. Ring bell, then bring food to dog this is UCR
b. Exposure → Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS (learned negative situation) in
the absence of UCS (natural eliciting situation).
i. Response prevention is used to keep the operant avoidance response from
occuring.
ii. Example; fear of cars, therefore individual will avoid cars but as a psychologist
you need to expose them to the cars (not avoid!)
iii. May use Flooding → exposure to real-life stimuli (make them drive car)
iv. May use implosion → Imagine scenes involving stimuli. (make them picture
driving a car).
c. Systematic Desensitization → Learning based treatment for anxiety disorders. Eliminates
anxiety through gradual, counterconditioning.
i. Scared of Doctor because of needles.
d. Steps; Train muscle relaxation skills, Why? Anxiety and relaxation are hard to have
together.
i. Stimulus hierarchy → Low anxiety to high anxiety scenes.
ii. Relaxation and Progressive association with stimulus hierarchy.
e. Behavioural Therapies can be done through imagination or in-vivo (controlled exposure
to real life situations).
i. In vivo is more anxiety provoking but faster.
f. Aversion Therapy → helps remove negative behaviour (like alcoholism)
i. Condition an aversion to a CS (alcoholic drinking)
ii. CS paired with noxious UC
iii. Problem: Treatment effects fail to generalize from the treatment setting to the
real world.
g. Behavioural Modification Treatments → Use positive reinforcement, extinction, negative
reinforcement or punishment.
i. Attempt to increase or reduce behaviour.
ii. Successful when traditional therapies are difficult to implement (Example →
Profoundly disturbing children, mentally retarded).
h. Token Economics → can be applied for positive reinforcements
i. System from strengthening desired behaviours through application of positive
reinforcement
ii. Token is given for desirable behaviours where they exchange for tangible
reinforcers.
i. Punishment → Success with severely disturbed, self-destructive children
i. Autism and self-harm → use electric shock
ii. Never employed without consent of client or client’s legal guardian.
j. Modelling and Social Skills → Social Skills Training
i. Modeling approach, learning new skills by observing and imitating a model who
performs a socially skillful behaviour.
ii. Key factors; increased belief in self, watch someone else means they can do it it.
2. Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioural
Document Summary
Behaviour maladaptive behaviours are the problem, not a symptom, problem behaviours are learned and maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning modeling. Dogs salivating due to bell sound (classical sound) = classical response. Ring bell, then bring food to dog this is ucr: exposure treat phobias through exposure to feared cs (learned negative situation) in the absence of ucs (natural eliciting situation). Response prevention is used to keep the operant avoidance response from occuring. Example; fear of cars, therefore individual will avoid cars but as a psychologist you need to expose them to the cars (not avoid!) May use flooding exposure to real-life stimuli (make them drive car) Anxiety and relaxation are hard to have together. Stimulus hierarchy low anxiety to high anxiety scenes. Relaxation and progressive association with stimulus hierarchy: behavioural therapies can be done through imagination or in-vivo (controlled exposure to real life situations).
