MICR 2420 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: List Of Rick And Morty Characters, Socalled, Influenza Vaccine

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Potential anti-HIV drugs might:

•Block attachment to host cell

•Prevent fusion of viral and host membranes

•Inhibit reverse transcriptase

•Inhibit integrase

•Inhibit HIV protease

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Highly Active AntiRetroViral Therapy (HAART) –

HIV treatment with multiple drug

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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

▪Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

-The reverse transcriptase enzyme is unique to retroviruses.

-Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) is an analog of thymine.

▪Protease inhibitors

-HIV makes long, nonfunctional polypeptide chains that are cleaved by HIV

protease to make the mature proteins.

-Viracept and Lopinavir belong to a powerful class of drugs that block the

HIV protease.

▪Entry inhibitors

-CCR5 inhibitors block HIV from binding to receptor.

-Fusion inhibitors prevent HIV membrane fusing with T-cell membrane.

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FDA-Approved HIV Medicines

•Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)- Emtriva

(Generic name emtricitabine)

•Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)-

Edurant(rilpivirine hydrochloride, RPV)

•Protease Inhibitors (PIs)- Prezista (darunavir ethanolate, DRV)

•Fusion Inhibitors- Fuzeon (enfuvirtide)

•Entry Inhibitors- Selzentry (maraviroc)

•Integrase Inhibitors - Isentress HD (raltegravir potassium, RAL)

•Pharmacokinetic Enhancers –Tybost (cobicistat)

•Combination HIV Medicines- Descovy (emtricitabine / tenofovir

AF, emtricitabine / tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, FTC / TAF)

https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/21/58/fda-approved-hiv-medicines

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Document Summary

Potential anti-hiv drugs might: block attachment to host cell, prevent fusion of viral and host membranes, inhibit reverse transcriptase, inhibit integrase, inhibit hiv protease. The reverse transcriptase enzyme is unique to retroviruses. Zidovudine (zdv or azt) is an analog of thymine: protease inhibitors. Hiv makes long, nonfunctional polypeptide chains that are cleaved by hiv protease to make the mature proteins. Viracept and lopinavir belong to a powerful class of drugs that block the. Ccr5 inhibitors block hiv from binding to receptor. Fusion inhibitors prevent hiv membrane fusing with t-cell membrane. Fda-approved hiv medicines: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis)- emtriva (generic name emtricitabine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis)- Edurant(rilpivirine hydrochloride, rpv: protease inhibitors (pis)- prezista (darunavir ethanolate, drv, fusion inhibitors- fuzeon (enfuvirtide, entry inhibitors- selzentry (maraviroc, integrase inhibitors - isentress hd (raltegravir potassium, ral, pharmacokinetic enhancers tybost (cobicistat, combination hiv medicines- descovy (emtricitabine / tenofovir. Af, emtricitabine / tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, ftc / taf) https://aidsinfo. nih. gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/21/58/fda-approved-hiv-medicines.

Related Questions

Every year, the viral strains included in vaccinations for the flu are slightly different, based on the prevalence of the strains present the previous year. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the vaccinations and the treatment of viral infections like the flu?

	A.	When someone who is vaccinated encounters the virus they were vaccinated for, antigens are produced triggering destruction of the virus.
	B.	Antibodies are built up in response to viral antigens, making those with vaccines more susceptible to viral infection.
	C.	Viruses mutate quickly due to overuse of antibiotics.
	D.	Vaccinations involve introducing an antigen of a virus into the immune system, which stimulates the production of antibodies.

Recall that HIV is a retrovirus. Based on that, which of the following would NOT be an effective drug target for treatment of HIV?

	A.	Translation inhibitors
	B.	Integrase inhibitors
	C.	Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

The type of horizontal gene transfer that specifically requires a virus to transfer DNA from donor to recipient is called:

	A.	transformation.
	B.	conjugation.
	C.	transduction.
	D.	binary fission.

Binary fission differs from mitosis in that

	A.	binary fission occurs in prokaryotes, and mitosis happens in eukaryotes.
	B.	binary fission does not have a step to duplicate the genetic information, and mitosis does.
	C.	binary fission creates daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while mitosis introduces genetic variation.
	D.	binary fission does not have a step to separate the parent cell into two daughter cells, and mitosis does.

Bacteria contain ______ in their cell walls, while Archaea contain _____ in their cell walls.

	A.	chitin; peptidoglycan
	B.	peptidoglycan; pseudopeptidoglycan
	C.	pseudopeptidoglycan; peptidoglycan
	D.	peptidoglycan; chitin
	E.	cellulose; chitin

Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)

Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.

Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80Â°C (175Â°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organismsâ enzymes that function best ~37Â°C (98Â°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this âCentral Dogmaâ of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotesâ ability to âfixâ nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athleteâs foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid â cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virusâs RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cellâs DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (â70Sâ ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (â80Sâ ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.

2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cellâs chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however theyâre unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).

When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
â¢ What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
â¢ Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why donât they kill your cells?
â¢ Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?

1. Select all of the true statements regarding phageconversion.

-The incorporation of viral genesinto the host cell's DNA is an example of phage conversion.

-The expression of the incorporatedgenes and the resulting alteration of the bacterial phenotype is anexample of phage conversion.

-Cholera toxin genes have a viralorigin.

-The cholera toxin is produced bythe virus.

-The cholera toxin itself is transferred to Vibriocholerae by a virus.

2. Viruses grown in media with radioactive sulfur haveradioactive capsids. Why?

Nucleotides contain sulfur

Cysteine amino acids containsulfur

Capsid peptidoglycans containsulfur

Phospholipids contain sulfur

3. Integrase inhibitors work by:

Agglutinating the reversetranscriptase inhibitors

Preventing the incorporation of theviral DNA into the genome

Blocking the final viralassembly

Degrading the viral envelope

4. Once a prophage is formed, the viral genes are reproducedevery time the bacterium multiplies. The genes that encode thelytic cycle are held in check by a repressor protein. Stressinduces the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. Howwould this affect the prophage?

Apoptosis would be induced.

The virus enters the lyticcycle.

The bacterial genome isdenatured.

The bacterium rejects the viral genes.

5. Can a virus be killed?

No, viruses are non-living andcannot die.

No, viruses are capable ofself-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.

Yes, separating the genes from thecapsid kills it.

Yes, destroying its genome kills it.

6. Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but notagainst most other pathogenic viruses?

Translation inhibitors that stopassembly of viral proteins.

Nucleotide analogs that haltreplication.

Non-nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription.

Receptor antagonists that block viral entry.

7. An unscrupulous malcontent writes a computer program andembeds it in an e-mail that promises lucrative investmentopportunities. The e-mail is sent to thousands of anonymous users,when they open it the program copies itself into the computer'shard drive. The hard drive begins to fill up with copies of theprogram, once it is completely full the computer crashes. Match thecomponents of this story with the components of a viral lifecycle.

1. e-mail containing virus	Virus
2. Innocent user	Binding site onhostcell
3. User's hard drive andCPU	Host cell'sribosomes
4. Program	Uninfected host cell

8. Vaccines work by priming the immune system and inducing theformation of antibodies and memory cells. When the actual virusinfects the host the host's immune system recognizes it andresponds to it. Which feature of viruses helps them thwart thissystem?

	The envelops prevents immune systemrecognition.
	Autocatalytic proteins replicatewithout genetic material.
	The high mutation rate of the viralgenome.
	Integration of viral genescamouflages the virus.
	Shedding the capsid inactivates theantibodies.

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MICR 2420 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: List Of Rick And Morty Characters, Socalled, Influenza Vaccine

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