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BIOL 1030 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dehydration Reaction, Hydrogen Bond, Hydrolysis

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5 Apr 2018

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

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Professor

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BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes

BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

Polymerization/depolymerization reactions: some of the most important and large molecules found in all living things can be sorted into 4 main classes: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, macromolecules are polymers, build from monomers. 3 of 4 classes of life"s organic compounds: (carbohydrate, proteins and nucleic acids all except lipids are chain like molecules called polymers) Dehydration: one monomer provides a hydroxyl group ( oh), wile the short polymer/ monomer will provide a hydrogen (-h), dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a longer polymer chain, water is released, the break down of polymers through. Hydrolysis: polymers are disassembled to monomers through hydrolysis. The bond between monomers is broken down with the addition of a water molecule. The hydrogen form the water molecule attaches to the polymer and. Functions of protein: comes from the greek word proteois which means rst or primary , proteins play a role in: speeding up chemical reaction, defence, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement or structural support.

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Related Questions

please i need help with this qustions answer the multiple choice that is all and be clear not writes un clear stuff just asnswer the qustions please

Question 1

Starch is: (select all the correct answers)

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

a structural carbohydrate in plants

a polymer of glucose

Question 2

The monomers in starch are joined together by which type of linkage?

beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage

Question 3

Glycogen is: (select all that are correct)

a polymer of glucose

a long chain molecule with very few if any branches

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

a highly branched molecule with alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages

has many beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 4

What type of reaction will break down glycogen and produce glucose molecules?

depolymerization

Question 5

Cellulose is: (select all that apply).

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

has both alpha 1-4 and beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

a structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls

a polymer of glucose

a structural carbohydrate in animals

Question 6

In cellulose, covalent bonds link glucose monomers and hydrogen bonds hold the long glucose chains together.

Question 7

Chitin is: (select all that apply)

a polymer of glucose

can be used as sutures

a structural carbohydrate in plants

a structural polysaccaride found in the exoskeleton of animals like arthropods

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 8

Lipids are not true polymers?

Question 9

Steroids are lipids

Question 10

A fat is composed of

4 fused carbon rings

a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

a phosphate a glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

electron shells

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

facilitated diffusion

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

monosaccharides

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

R Group or functional group

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.