BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: World Health Organization, Chloroquine, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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rubycrab690

2 Jul 2018

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1000

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All

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7/2/18

BIOL 1000- DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS

12.1 GENES CAN BE CLONED IN RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS:

•Gene Cloning is one application of biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their

components to make useful products.

I. Researchers can manipulate bacterial plasmids so that they contain genes from other or-

ganisms.

II. These recombinant DNA plasmids can then be inserted into bacteria.

III. If the recombinant bacteria multiply into a clone, the foreign genes are also duplicated

and copies of the gene or its protein product can be harvested.

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7/2/18

12.2 ENZYMES ARE USED TO ‘CUT AND PASTE’ DNA:

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7/2/18

•Restriction Enzymes: cut DNA at specific sequences, forming restriction fragments.

•DNA ligase ‘pastes’ DNA fragments togther.

•A short, single stranded molecule of labeled DNA called ‘nucleic acid probe’ can tag a

desired nucleotide sequence.

•Complementary DNA (cDNA) can be used to identify the genes that are being tran-

scribed by a particular cell at a given moment.

12.3 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ARE TRANSFORMING AGRICUL-

TURE:

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Document Summary

12. 1 genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: Gene cloning is one application of biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Researchers can manipulate bacterial plasmids so that they contain genes from other or- ganisms. These recombinant dna plasmids can then be inserted into bacteria. If the recombinant bacteria multiply into a clone, the foreign genes are also duplicated and copies of the gene or its protein product can be harvested. 12. 2 enzymes are used to cut and paste" dna: Restriction enzymes: cut dna at specific sequences, forming restriction fragments. A short, single stranded molecule of labeled dna called nucleic acid probe" can tag a desired nucleotide sequence. Complementary dna (cdna) can be used to identify the genes that are being tran- scribed by a particular cell at a given moment. Scientists have produced many different varieties of genetically modified organisms (gmo) organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means.

Related Questions

View/perform/read ALL THREE of the following prior to answeringthe questions.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro10.swf::Stepsin Cloning a Gene (Links to an external site.)

http://www.discoverbiotech.com/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Applications ofCloning (Links to an external site.)

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cloning/cloning.htm(Links to an external site.)

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From the list below, which of the following is the most logicalsequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid andinserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transformbacteria with recombinant DNA molecule
II. Cutthe plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes
III. Extractplasmid DNA from bacterial cells
IV. Hydrogen-bondthe plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments
V. Useligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA

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Plasmids (or vectors) are important in biotechnology becausethey are

a vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA intobacteria.

surfaces for respiratory processes in bacteria.

recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands.

surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants.

proviruses incorporated into the host DNA

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Plasmids are put into bacterial cells by

restriction enzymes

DNA ligase

binding of cohesive sticky ends

transformation

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Restriction enzymes usually

cut donor DNA evenly so smooth edges result

cut donor DNA but do not affect plasmids

make staggered cuts at specific sequences in DNA in both donorDNA and plasmid

are used in ligating plasmids into bacterial host cells

more than one of the above

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After combining DNA fragments in a cloning experiment, ___ isused to covalently join the DNA segments.

Restriction enzyme

DNA Ligase

Reverse transcriptase

DNA polymerase

Helicase

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It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism tofunction in any other organism. Why is this possible?

All organisms have ribosomes.

All organisms have the same genetic code.

All organisms are made up of cells.

All organisms have similar nuclei.

All organisms have transfer RNA.

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Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid andsomeone gives you a DNA sample cut with restriction enzyme X. Thegene you wish to insert from the given sample has sites on bothends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with asingle site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to

cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert thefragments cut with Y into the plasmid.

cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into theplasmid.

cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert thesefragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme.

cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate thetwo fragments onto the ends of the human DNA fragments cut withrestriction enzyme X.

insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmidwithout cutting the plasmid.

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Which of the following is/are false in regard to expressionplasmids (also called expression vectors)?

They are used to make proteins using a cloned gene.

They contain a promotor.

They are the first plasmid type used to clone a gene.

They contain a terminator.

More than one of the above is false.

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What is NOT a potential problem(s) associated with usingbacteria containing a cloned eukaryotic gene (e.g. a human gene) toproduce a functional protein?

If the eukaryotic gene contains introns the bacteria will notremove them and the resulting amino acid sequence will be differentthat that made by a eukaryote.

The bacteria may not fold the protein correctly.

The bacteria may degrade the protein.

All of the above are potential problems.

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Cloning allows for production of proteins in much larger amountsthan occurs in the cells from which the gene is isolated.

True

False

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Question 111 pts

Gene cloning is used to do all of the following except

Make insulin

Making genetically identical animals (e.g. Dolly thesheep)

Make vaccines

Perform Gene Therapy

Making genetically engineered plants

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BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: World Health Organization, Chloroquine, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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