BIOL 2420 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Extracellular Fluid, Intestinal Epithelium, Enteric Nervous System
Unit 9 – Lecture 1
Digestive Function and Processes
- Primary function of the digestive system
o to move nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the external environment into the body’s
internal environment
o the system uses 4 basic processes
▪ digestion – the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller unites
that can be taken across the intestinal epithelium into the body
▪ absorption – the movement of substances from the lumen of the GI tract to the
extracellular fluid
▪ secretion (has 2 meaning)
• the movement of water and ions from the ECF to the digestive tract
lumen
o opposite of absorption
• the release of substances synthesized by GI epithelial cells into either
lumen or the ECF
▪ motility – movement of material in the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction
- digestive system faces 3 significant challenges
1. avoiding autodigestion
o food we eat is mostly macromolecules
▪ proteins, complex carbs
o our digestive system must secrete powerful enzymes to digest food into molecules that
are small enough to be absorbed into the body
o the enzymes must not digest the cells of the GI tract itself (autodigestion)
▪ protective mechanisms against autodigestion fail = raw patches called peptic
ulcers develop on the walls of the GI tract
2. mass balance
o matching fluid input with output
▪ people ingest about 2 liters of fluid/day
o exocrine glands and cells secrete 7 liters or so of enzymes, mucus, electrolytes, and water
into the lumen of the GI tract
▪ volume of secreted fluid is the equivalent of 1/6 of the body’s total body water
• more than twice the plasma volume of 3 liters
▪ if secreted fluid could not be reabsorbed, the body would rapidly dehydrate
3. intestinal reabsorption is very efficient, and only about 100 mL of fluid is lost in the feces
o vomiting and diarrhea can become an emergency when GI secretions are lost to the
environment instead of being reabsorbed
o severe cases
▪ fluid loss can deplete extracellular fluid volume to the point that the circulatory
system is unable to maintain adequate blood pressure
4. defense
o protecting the body from foreign invaders
o largest area of contact between the body’s internal environment and the outside world is
in the lumen of the digestive system
▪ GI tract, with a total surface area about the size of a tennis court, faces daily
conflict between the need to absorb water and nutrients, and the need to keep
bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens from entering the body
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