PSYC 2290 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Moro Reflex, Apgar Score, Postpartum Psychosis
26 Jun 2018
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Chapter3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
3.1 From Conception to Birth
Prenatal Development
- The changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn human
- Gestation occurs average over 265 days or 38 weeks
The Germinal Stage
Begins with conception and ends with implantation (7th–9th day)
Might divided in multiple monozygotic
60-70 cells mass, a hollow ball called a blastocys
Implantation: the blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with the
mother’s blood vessels.
Inner layer: embryonic disc, will form embryo
Outer layer: trophoblast will develop into supporting structure (placenta)
Ec3e 90p;
Week 2 to month 2
Amniotic sac: filled in with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant
temperature
Umbilical cord: house blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta
“Chorio”
Placenta
Organogenesis
Ectoderm: nervous system and skin
Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, internal organs
Endoderm: digestive system, lungs urinary treat glands
Development of nervous system is followed by isnternal organs and the external structure
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
The Fetal Stage
Month 2 to 9
Organs, muscles and nervous system organizes and become connected
2nd trimester movement can be felt by mother
Vernix: the skin thickens and is covered with a thick, greasy substance
- Protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid
Viability: 3rd trimester
- Most system function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive, but
lungs not yet mature.
Fetus puts on weight
Fetal Brain Development
Neurons begins to develop in the embryonic stage
In fetal stage neurons proliferate
Brain grow, particularly cerebral cortex, the wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many
important human behavior
Neuronal migration
Growth of dendrites are sensitive to prenatal environment
Glial cells form
Fetal Behavior
When active, fetus moves about once a minute
- Predict infant: active fetus is more likely than an in active fetus to be an unhappy, difficult
baby.
Fetus responds to sounds at 25th week and discriminates familiar and unfamiliar sounds by 32th
or 33th week
Even after birth, baby remembers events experienced in uterus.
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Sex Different in Prenatal Development
6 weeks: prenatal development sex hormones are secreted
Testosterone has a masculinizing effect
Females have faster bone development and are ahead of boys by 4 to 6 weeks at the time of
birth
Boys tend to be heavier and longer with more muscle
Males are more vulnerable to congenital problems, teratogens, have higher rates of injury
Several genetic disorders are carried on the X chromosomes
Lately there have been fewer male birth than in the past
3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Prenatal Risk Factors
1. Nutrition
Malnutrition
- Risk of neurodevelopment abnormalities and increased risk of disorders such as
schizophrenia
- Baby born prematurely and to underweight
a women should expect to gain between 11-16 kg during pregnancy (her weight is avg. before)
- underweight before: gain more; overweight before: gain less
About 1/4of this gain reflects the increased weight of the uterus, placenta, amniotic sac; ¼ from
baby…
Spina bifida: when mother does not consume enough amounts of folic acid (kind of vitamin B),
their babies are at risk which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly during the first
month of pregnancy.
2. Chronic Stress
a) Harm after birth
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn human. Gestation occurs average over 265 days or 38 weeks. Begins with conception and ends with implantation (7th 9th day) 60-70 cells mass, a hollow ball called a blastocys. Implantation: the blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with the mother"s blood vessels. Outer layer: trophoblast will develop into supporting structure (placenta) Amniotic sac: filled in with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature. Umbilical cord: house blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta. Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, internal organs. Development of nervous system is followed by isnternal organs and the external structure. Organs, muscles and nervous system organizes and become connected. 2nd trimester movement can be felt by mother. Vernix: the skin thickens and is covered with a thick, greasy substance. Protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid.
