BIOL240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Chromosome, Protozoa, Cell Membrane

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ochresardine75

19 Jun 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL240

Professor

Online

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Document Summary

Microbiology notes: week 4: the growth of microorganisms: In order for a cell to grow it needs to be able to take up energy: either from chemicals or light. (catabolic) Energy is then used for motility, transport of nutrients, biosynthesis, (catabolic) If chemicals are used as the energy source, the transformation would have waste products which would be excreted from the cell, (catabolic) The waste products may be nutrients for other types of cells (metabolism) Energy classes: phototrophs: light as energy sources, chemotrophs: chemicals as energy source, Chemoorganotrops: use organic chemicals as energy source. Culture media: two main classes of culture: Defined: made from purified chemicals for which is the exact nature is known: Sometimes contains more than required nutrients for cell growth depending on the reason for growth of the organism, Complex: we do not know the exact chemical composition. May have specific recipes but may contain components of unknown composition.

Related Questions

The Major Metabolic Processes of Eukaryotic Cells

Plants are classified into a unique Kingdom based on the fact that they are able to make their own food. Some of this food is stored for later use but some of it is used immediately for various metabolic processes that require energy in the form of ATP. Considering this, imagine the inside of a plant cell where both anabolic Photosynthesis and catabolic Aerobic Cellular Respiration are occurring. In order for this plant cell to stay alive it must stay in a constant state of disequilibrium. This requires that the product of one reaction does not accumulate but becomes the reactant in the next step. Fill in the following chart that organizes the major events of these metabolic processes keeping in mind how each event leads into the next.

Metabolic Process	Event	Organelle the Event takes place within	Specific Location within Organelle (Event takes place within)	Input (Reactants)	Output (Products)	Enzyme(s) Involved (may be more than 1!)	*Goal of Event* *[product(s) that get produced & why]*
Photosynthesis	Light Reactions
Photosynthesis	Calvin Cycle
Aerobic Respiration	Glycolysis
	Transition Rx
	Krebâs Cycle
	Electron Transport Chain

List the specific type of phosphorylation responsible for ATP synthesis in each of the following Events:

Light Reactions:		Krebâs Cycle:
Glycolysis:		Electron Transport Chain:

ultramarinecrow963

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

Question 1

A microorganism's ability to use a harmful pesticide as a source of carbon and energy is an example of

Select one:

a. chemoautotrophy

b. nitrogen fixation

c. bioremediation

d. photoautotrophy

e. biosynthesis

Question 2

Autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in

Select one:

a. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole carbon source.

b. their ability to incorporate CO2 into cells.

c. only a few enzymes.

d. their ability to synthesize precursor molecules.

e. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole energy source.

Question 3

If the amino acid valine constituted approximately 4% of the total cell protein of a bacterium, how much valine should be added to a defined medium in order to grow 1 gram of this organism?

Select one:

a. 0.2 mg

b. 2 mg

c. 20 mg

d. 40 mg

e. 200 mg

Question 4

Transport of HPO₄ along with a proton (H⁺) is an example of

Select one:

a. antiport

b. uniport

c. facilitated diffusion

d. symport

e. group translocation

Question 5

The energy required for transport via ABC transporters is derived from

Select one:

a. a proton gradient

b. an electrical charge separation across the membrane

c. ATP hydrolysis

d. a symport mechanism

e. a high energy phosphate bond of PEP

Question 6

The spread plate method would clearly be preferred over the pour plate method when isolating colonies of

Select one:

a. anaerobic bacteria

b. thermophilic bacteria

c. bacteria from temperate lake zones

d. purple non-sulfur bacteria

e. agar-degrading bacteria

Question 7

Enrichment culture procedures for many microorganisms require intial growth in liquid media, followed by growth on solid media. The solid media is used to

Select one:

a. provide proper growth conditions.

b. isolate single colonies of the microbes.

c. get rid of competing microorganisms.

d. isolate strict aerobes.

e. enrich for specific nutrients.

Question 8

The optical density of light scattered by bacteria is a very useful tool for estimating population size. What can alter the bacteria's light-scattering properties?

Select one:

a. Cell volume depending on its growth stage

b. The condition of being absent of microorganisms.

c. The amount of light projected from the room.

d. The standard curve

e. Standard deviation from growth curve.

Question 9

What is true about a bacterial colony?

Select one:

a. It arises from an individual cell and represents an isolate strain.

b. Colonies, and CFU (colony forming units) on streak plates represent a diverse microbial culture.

c. In order to obtain a colony, on must perform cloning steps.

d. Axenic cultures to not represent CFUs or colonies.

e. Colonies require differential media in order to separate them from the population.

Question 10

What is a biofilm?

Select one:

a. All cells in a population achieve a steady state

b. A specialized, surface-attached, collaborative community of bacteria

c. A complex media made of the chemical building blocks that a cell needs

d. A type of anaerobic growth chamber.

e. A type of spore

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BIOL240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Chromosome, Protozoa, Cell Membrane

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