ANP 1106 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Lymphoblast, Thermostat, Macrophage
6 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Anatomy and Physiology 1107
Notes: Lecture 11
Prof: J. Carnegie
➢ Leukocytes
o Only formed elements that are complete
o Aout for less tha oe peret of the total lood olue, there’s a aerage
of 4000-11000 WBCs per ul of blood
o Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells
o They can leave the blood stream (called diapedesis) to mount inflammatory or
immune responses
o They move through the tissue spaced by amoeboid motion (form cytoplasmic
extensions that move them along) and chemotaxis (following trail of molecules
released by damaged cells or leukocytes)
o Leukoytosis is he the WBCs out is oer ells/ul, it is the ody’s
response to bacterial or viral invasion, the number of WBCs can double within
hours
o Leukopoiesis is hormoally regulated aordig to the ody’s situatio
▪ Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are hormones that
regulate the production of leukocytes as needed
▪ Bone marrow stores mature granulocytes; it usually contains 10-20 times
more granulocytes than in the body
▪ The lifespan of granulocytes is 0.5-0.9 days
o Two categories
▪ Granulocyte: contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
• “pherial, larger tha RBC’s, hae loed ulei, ytoplasi
granules and the granules stain specifically with Wright’s stai
o Neutrophils
▪ Account for 50-70% of all WBCs
▪ Contain two types of granules that take up both
acidic and basic dyes
▪ Some of the granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
(lysosomes) and antibiotic-like proteins (defensins),
due to the nuclei having multiple lobes neutrophils
are often called polymorphic leukocytes
▪ Neutrophils are active phagocytes (ingest and
destroy bacteria) and increase during acute
bacterial infections such as meningitis and
appendicitis
o Eosinophils
▪ Account for 2-4% of all WBCs
▪ The nucleus has two lobes
▪ There are large, coarse granules that stain red with
acid dyes
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▪ Lead a counterattack against parasitic worms that
are too large to be phagocytized, they surround it
and release digestive enzymes on its surface
digesting it immediately
▪ They modulate/regulate the immune response
against allergies and asthma
o Basophils
▪ Account of 0.5% of WBCs (rarest)
▪ There are large, coarse, histamine containing
granules
▪ Histamine acts as an inflammatory chemical and
vasodilator, it makes blood vessels more leaky
and attracts other WBCs
▪ The nucleus is dark purple and is U or S-shaped
▪ Agranulocytes: lack obvious granules
• No visible granules, the nuclei is spherical or kidney-shaped
o Lymphocytes
▪ Account for 25% of WBCs (second most common)
▪ It has a large, dark purple nucleus that is
surrounded by a thin rim of pale-blue cytoplasm
▪ It is classified by size
▪ They are found in the bloodstream but mostly in
the lymphoid tissue
▪ T lymphocyte (T cells): act directly against virus-
infected cells and tumor cells
▪ B lymphocytes (B cells): give rise to plasma cells
that produce antibodies
o Monocytes
▪ Account for 3-8% of WBCs
▪ They are the largest leukocytes
▪ There is pale blue cytoplasm and dark purple
nucleus that is U or kidney shaped
▪ When they enter the tissue they differentiate into
macrophages
• Phagocytic against chronic infections,
viruses and some bacteria
➢ Leukocyte disorders
o Leukemias
▪ Cancer of the WBCs
▪ They are usually descendants of a single and remain unspecialized and
mitotic
• It is acute (grows rapidly) if it derives from stem cells
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
It has a large, dark purple nucleus that is surrounded by a thin rim of pale-blue cytoplasm. Leukocyte disorders: leukemias, cancer of the wbcs, they are usually descendants of a single and remain unspecialized and mitotic. It is acute (grows rapidly) if it derives from stem cells. It is caused by the epsein-barr virus which creates excessive numbers of enlarged and abnormally-shaped lymphocytes: those affected complain of being tired, achy, having a sore throat and low-grade fever, leukopenia. It is due to abnormally low wbcs count and is usually caused by drugs especially glucocorticoids and anticancer agents. Inflammation occurs as part of nonspecific defenses and can be amplified by specific immune system responses. Inflammatory chemicals are released by injured cells, macrophages and lymphocytes: pain is caused during inflammation due to the receptors. Interferons also activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells which allow for some anti-cancer effects as well: complement.
