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BIO 1130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Late Heavy Bombardment, Allele Frequency, Nonsense Mutation

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School
University of Ottawa
Department
Biology
Course
BIO 1130
Professor
Jon Houseman

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Document Summary

Microevolution: adaptive radiation (cluster of closely-related species that are each adaptively specialized to a specific habitat or food source; ex. Chromosomal translocation(chromosomal alteration that occurs if a broken segment is attached to a different, nonhomologous chromosome. ) Amish and ellis-van creveld syndrome), male competition (competition to pass on genetic traits to offspring, types: sperm, combat, infanticide. or to mate with the females, one fit male can mate with many females ex. Key to life and most abundant element in the universe. Can create chains and carbon-carbon bonds), cenozoic(age of mammals, birds, insects & plants, link=change planet, chordate fish; swimming animal), central dogma(dna contained coded information that"s transferred to rna, messenger rna used to produce protein or product of genetic code. Compact configuration of planets; instability; debris scattered(late heavy bombardment), only 1% of debris remained) , Nonpolar compound(compound made of molecules linked through chemical bonds arranged so distribution of charges are symmetrical.

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Related Questions

2 Genetics -Match the terms with the most suitable description.
(Points : 16)
Potential Matches:
1 : recessive
2 : sex-linked
3 : pleiotropy
4 : carrier
5 : dominant
6 : phenotype
7 : polygenic
8 : genotype
Answer
: An allele that can be expressed byan individual that is heterozygous.
: The genetic make-up of anindividual.
: The control of more than onephenotypic character by a single gene.
: The visible physical expression ofan individual's genetic make-up.
: An allele that can only beexpressed when an individual is homozygous.
: A trait controlled by more thanjust a single pair of alleles.
: A trait controlled by a genelocated on either the X or Y chromosomes.
: An individual carrying only oneallele of a recessively inherited disorder.
3. Evolution- Match the terms with the most suitable description.
(Points : 16)
Potential Matches:
1 : hybrid sterility
2 : habitat isolation
3 : hybrid inviability
4 : geographic isolation
5 : mechanical isolation
6 : gamete mortality
7 : temporal isolation
8 : behavioral isolation
Answer
: Because of a single mutation in adevelopmental gene, two closely related species of wasps have aslightly different anatomy of their sex organs making interbreedingimpossible.
: Two species of snakes aremorphologically very similar but breed during differentseasons.
: Two similar species of treehopperslive and feed on two separate species of trees.
: Males of two species of birds usedifferent mating dances to attract their mates.
: Due to a geographic barrier, asmall portion of a population remains isolated and its gene pooldiverges from that of the original population.
: Sperm from a male of one speciesdies in the reproductive tract of the female of a different speciesbefore fertilization can occur
: Mules are a cross between a donkeyand a horse; they are viable, healthy animals, but they cannotreproduce.
: A cross between two species ofsalamanders yields offspring, but they do not survive long enoughto reproduce
1. Biomes - Match the biome with itsdescription.
Potential Matches:
1 : Coniferous forest
2 : Temperate forest
3 : Tundra
4 : Tropical rainforest
5 : Grassland
6 : Wetland
7 : Estuary
8 : Desert
Answer
: Caribou, musk ox and lemmingsare common, along with permafrost, mosses and lichens.
: May be hot or cold, but alwaysvery dry.
: Long snowy winters and shortsummers allow for cone-bearing evergreen trees to flourish.
: Spectacular displays of colorin the fall occur before deciduous trees drop their leaves.
: Plentiful rainfall and warmyear round temperatures produce a habitat home to the greatestdiversity of plants and animals.
: Mostly treeless expanse knownfor large herds of grazing mammals.
: Home to migrating waterfowl,this type of biome is important in reducing flooding and improvingwater quality.
: Transition area between a riverand an ocean with salinity ranging from nearly that of freshwaterto that of the oceans.
2 Genetics - Match the terms with the mostsuitable description.
(Points : 16)
Potential Matches:
1 : recessive
2 : sex-linked
3 : pleiotropy
4 : carrier
5 : dominant
6 : phenotype
7 : polygenic
8 : genotype
Answer
: An allele that can be expressedby an individual that is heterozygous.
: The genetic make-up of anindividual.
: The control of more than onephenotypic character by a single gene.
: The visible physical expressionof an individual's genetic make-up.
: An allele that can only beexpressed when an individual is homozygous.
: A trait controlled by more thanjust a single pair of alleles.
: A trait controlled by a genelocated on either the X or Y chromosomes.
: An individual carrying only oneallele of a recessively inherited disorder.
3. Evolution - Match the terms with the mostsuitable description.
(Points : 16)
Potential Matches:
1 : hybrid sterility
2 : habitat isolation
3 : hybrid inviability
4 : geographic isolation
5 : mechanical isolation
6 : gamete mortality
7 : temporal isolation
8 : behavioral isolation
Answer
: Because of a single mutation ina developmental gene, two closely related species of wasps have aslightly different anatomy of their sex organs making interbreedingimpossible.
: Two species of snakes aremorphologically very similar but breed during differentseasons.
: Two similar species oftreehoppers live and feed on two separate species of trees.
: Males of two species of birdsuse different mating dances to attract their mates.
: Due to a geographic barrier, asmall portion of a population remains isolated and its gene pooldiverges from that of the original population.
: Sperm from a male of onespecies dies in the reproductive tract of the female of a differentspecies before fertilization can occur
: Mules are a cross between adonkey and a horse; they are viable, healthy animals, but theycannot reproduce.
: A cross between two species ofsalamanders yields offspring, but they do not survive long enoughto reproduce

Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes

· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes

· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences

· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't

· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't


I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

· The gene knocked out was recessive.

· The gene knocked out was dominant.

· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene.

· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene.

A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
xxG

Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

· xxG
xxCTGCA

· xxC
xxGTGCA

· xxCCGAT
xxG

· xxGGCTA
xxC


An SNP always occurs dueto

Answer

· a one base-pair change.

· a three base-pair change.

· a single restriction site change.

· a single amino acid change.

· None of these.


I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· penetrance

In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because

Answer

· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.

· variant alleles of the same gene do not interferewith the phenotypic expression of the gentoype in different geneticloci.

· most higher organisms are diploid, making only twoalleles available for every genetic locus, and there is a 50/50chance of geting either allele from a single parent.

· expression of phenotypes can vary from thegenotypes because of encironmantal influences.

· chromosomes often recombine

Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations.

Answer

· True

· False

Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

· allelic heterogeneity.

· locus heterogeneity.

· penetrance.

· expressitivity.

· sheer luck.

Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler

· Denaturation at high temperatures

· Synthesis of oligonucleotide primers

· Extension of primers by DNA polymerase

· Annealing of oligonucleotide primers

Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

Answer

· True

· False

A mosaic is an organismwith

Answer

· multiple genotypes within one organism

· multiple alleles within one genotype

· more than one color of fur

· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement

· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype

Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.

· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype.

Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult

· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo

· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only

· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism

· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development

Question

The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

Answer

· dominant traits

· recessive traits

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

· vampirism

If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof

Answer

· haploinsufficiency

· penetrance

· expressivity

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

· Southern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay DNA fragments

· RFLPs : DNA fragments generatedby restriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments

· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

Answer

A.

Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments

B.

Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

C.

Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments

D.

DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

E.

Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· gain of function dominant mutation

Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

Answer

· True

· False


A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene

Answer

· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers

· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers

· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied

· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA

· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic

Question

Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

· Restriction enzyme


· PCR C

· Plasmid

· YAC A

· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.

Endonuclease isolated frombacteria

B.

Eukaryotic cloningvector

C.

Method for amplification ofDNA sequences

D.

Small circular fragment ofDNA

E.

Molecule used in DNAsequencing

Question

A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's

· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity

· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm

· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype

· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is