CRM 1301 Lecture : Class 6a - The Birth of Statistics.docx
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1. Because many men traditionally have not produced a lot of household commodities
| a. | they are more likely to reduce hours of work after a decrease in their wage rate |
| b. their income effect is likely to be smaller than that of women |
| c. they can more easily substitute leisure for household production |
| d. | they are less likely to reduce hours of work after a decrease in their wage rate |
2. One of the main changes in the typical family in the United States over the past 30-40 years has been
| a. non-marital births have decreased appreciably |
| b. marriage has declined while cohabitation has risen |
| c. single-parent families have fallen considerably |
| d. median age at first marriage has decreased |
3. A single mother is currently paying childcare cost of $10 an hour and she works 8 hours a day. The government then decides to provides child care at a constant $80 a day. The effect of this event will be to:
| a. cause the mother to work more hours |
| b. cause the mother to work less hours |
| c. cannot tell without knowing which effect dominates: the income or substitution effect |
| d. cause the mother to work the same hours |
4. Which statement correctly describes the relationship between Marriage and Poverty?
| a. poverty as a whole can be solved by people just having children |
| b. Children who grow up in a dual parent household are significantly more likely to experience poverty |
| c. Children who grow up in a dual parent household are significantly less likely to experience poverty |
| d. poverty as a whole can be solved by people just staying married |
5. The real determining "discriminatory" factor in higher education today is
| a. | "out of state" status |
| b. | race |
| c. income |
| d. gender |
Choose the right answer
Question 1
With respect to consumer behavior, one's attitudes, learning, and perceptions would be
| impersonal influences | ||
| interpersonal influences | ||
| personal influences | ||
| insitutional influences |
Question 2
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs,
| a physiological need must be met directly before social needs. | ||
| esteem needs are the highest order of needs. | ||
| self-actualization needs are the highest order | ||
| safety needs and esteem are of the same importance. |
Question 3
The most likely product to be purchased in an attempt to satisfy self-esteem needs would be
| "super class" tickets for your next air flight. | ||
| a really fast computer. | ||
| a home security system. | ||
| yogurt and health food. |
Question 4
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes organizational markets from consumer markets?
| Organizational markets are more geographically concentrated. | ||
| More people exert influence on the organizational buying decision. | ||
| The organizational market tends to have a greater number of buyers. | ||
| Organizations often engage in multiple sourcing and vendor analysis. |
Question 5
Consumers may attempt to reduce postpurchase anxiety in the consumer decision process by
| avoiding favorable information about the selected brand | ||
| seeking reassurance from dissatisfied customers | ||
| seeking information that favors the rejected brands | ||
| ignoring unfavorable reports about the chosen brand |
Question 6
The buying center concept explains how groups of people participate informally in business purchase decisions and
| methods to break through group perceptions. | ||
| the role the group members play in buying decisions. | ||
| how family units operate as buying centers. | ||
| the process of performing vendor analysis. |
Question 7
In the organizational buying process, a triggering event such as announcement of the availability of a new product whose use could improve the company's market performance is referred to as
| need or opportunity recognition | ||
| identification of suppliers | ||
| information search | ||
| word-of-mouth exploration |
Question 8
An undifferentiated marketing strategy
| serves the consumer better because the products offered are designed to meet the needs of a specific group of people | ||
| benefits from the control and efficiency of short production runs | ||
| ignores differences among consumer groups and focuses on the broad market | ||
| is the most common strategy today and is used more now than in the past |
Question 9
Goods purchased by the ultimate consumer for personal use are called
| personal products | ||
| purchased products | ||
| consumer products | ||
| commercial products |
Question 11
A particular purchasing agent might allow some salespeople to see the engineers responsible for developing product specifications but not allow others the same privilege. In the buying center, this purchasing agent is filling the role of
| a "hard" nose | ||
| a gatekeeper | ||
| an influencer | ||
| a decider |
Question 12
"Our prices are the lowest, we guarantee it" is an example of a positioning strategy based on the product's
| competitors | ||
| price | ||
| class | ||
| application |
Question 13
Segmenting the market based on exactly how an industrial purchaser will use products is referred to as
| customer-based segmentation | ||
| benefits segmentation | ||
| end-use application segmentation | ||
| geographic segmentation |
Question 14
The lumber your carpenter purchases to finish out your basement is classified as
| a home improvement product | ||
| a raw material | ||
| a business product | ||
| a consumer good |
Question 15
When consumer demand for personal computers affects computer manufacturers' demand for computer chips, this situation is known as
| volatile demand | ||
| conjoined demand | ||
| derived demand | ||
| joint demand |
Question 16
Which of the following is a personal factor in consumer bahavior?
| a cultural influence | ||
| group membership | ||
| friends' opinions | ||
| a person's attitudes |
Question 17
Cognitive dissonance would be most likely to occur after the purchase of
| sneakers | ||
| groceries | ||
| an automobile | ||
| cosmetics |
Question 18
Which of the following would be most likely to break through a person's perceptual screen?
| a newspaper ad featuring white type on a black background | ||
| a black- and -white classified ad | ||
| reducing the size of the ad | ||
| using fewer colors in the ad |
Question 19
The Fortune 500 list of America's largest firms based on sales revenues and number of employees provides a basis for
| market segmentation based upon customer type | ||
| demographic segmentation based upon geographic location | ||
| end-user segmentation of this market | ||
| demographic segmentation based upon customer size |
Question 20
Straight rebuy behavior by industrial purchasers will probably continue if the supplier provides
| poor service | ||
| poor quality | ||
| shipping delays | ||
| satisfactory performance |
Question 21
A controversial technique of subconscious communication, aimed at circumventing the perceptual screens, is called
| shadowed perception | ||
| leger-de-main | ||
| subliminal perception | ||
| perception incognito |
Question 22
Those products that are actually considered when making a consumer purchase decision are
| customer options | ||
| customer selections | ||
| the evoked set | ||
| the product set |
Question 23
The component of the business market that consists of individuals and firms that acquire goods and services to be used directly, or indirectly, in producing other goods and services is called:
| wholesaling and retailing | ||
| the commercial market | ||
| government | ||
| an institution |
Question 24
The institutional market does not include which of the following?
| hospitals | ||
| museums | ||
| motion pictures theatres | ||
| universities |
Question 25
Advertising for smoke alarms, air bags and life insurance typically uses which of Maslow's levels of needs to appeal to consumers?
| self-esteem needs | ||
| safety and security needs | ||
| physiological needs | ||
| protection needs |
Question 26
One type of buying center role is that of the
| influencer who supplies information for evaluation. | ||
| authority figure who decides who, what, where, when, and how. | ||
| disseminator who function is to get advertisements to prospects. | ||
| specifier who needs on the specifications of products |
Question 27
Manufacturing firms that convert to automated factory systems must purchase equipment that they have never bought before, such as robots and computers. This buying situation is called
| a straight rebuy | ||
| a modified rebuy | ||
| a contract purchase | ||
| new-task buying |
Question 29
A commonly used basis for segmenting consumer markets is
| product-related characteristics | ||
| health-related matters | ||
| information-related concepts | ||
| performance-related criteria |
1 points
Question 30
The business market is also known as the
| wholesale market | ||
| corporate market | ||
| organizational market | ||
| distribution market |
Question 31
Which of the following consumer problem-solving behaviors requires the least effort?
| extended problem solving | ||
| limited problem solving | ||
| impulsive buying | ||
| routine response behavior |
Question 32
The relationship between the demand for silk cloth and consumer demand for silk blouses and neckties is known as
| joint demand | ||
| demand volatility | ||
| derived demand | ||
| consumer demand |
Question 33
Examples of business market items that would usually be purchased as a straight rebuy are
| high quality raw materials | ||
| heavy-duty machinery | ||
| paper clips and pencils | ||
| high-tech components |
Question 34
The person who joins a local bowling league for the social interaction, even if he or she is a novice bowler, is probably trying to satisfy his or her
| esteem needs | ||
| self-actualization needs | ||
| physiological needs | ||
| belongingness/social needs |
Question 35
Campbell's "Soup for One" is an example of a product that is targeted to
| large families with high product usage of certain things but different preferences | ||
| dual-income couples with no kids | ||
| well-off older families | ||
| non-traditional households such as nonfamily, single-person or single-parent situations |
Question 36
Red Ryder Industries markets rodeo and horse riding supplies specifically to women. This is an example of
| market stratification | ||
| market segmentation | ||
| non-traditional marketing | ||
| multi-gender marketing |
Question 37
Purchases made by choosing a preferred brand or one of a limited group of acceptable brands are called
| extended problem solving | ||
| routinized response behavior | ||
| limited problem solving | ||
| selective problem solving |
Question 38
The slogan "the graying of America" describes the trend
| toward people retiring later in life | ||
| of the word force to contain a disproportionate number of older Americans | ||
| for gray hair to develop from years of high-stress urban work | ||
| upward in the elderly population as Americans tend to live longer |
Question 39
People or institutions must have sufficient purchasing power and the authority and willingness to buy to be considered a
| market | ||
| buyer | ||
| player | ||
| segment |
Question 40
Reference group influences would be most likely to be significant in the decision to buy
| a loaf of bread | ||
| a Mercedes Benz | ||
| a clock radio | ||
| cellophane tape |
Question 41
Internal search in the consumer decision process may include
| subscribing to consumer magazines to evaluate alternatives | ||
| talking to family members | ||
| reviewing past purchases | ||
| surveying coworkers for buying options |
Question 42
The process of dividing the total market into several smaller, homogeneous groups is called
| market penetration | ||
| market segmentation | ||
| market mixing | ||
| market division |
QUESTION 26
Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:
| a. | This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing | |
| b. | At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old | |
| c. | This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted | |
| d. | This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly |
1 points
QUESTION 27
The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:
| Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations. | ||
| Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance | ||
| The most dependent generation may well be young adults | ||
| It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals |
1 points
QUESTION 28
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?
| a. | Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice | |
| b. | A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles | |
| c. | Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging | |
| d. | The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors |
1 points
QUESTION 29
Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:
| a. | The aged | |
| b. | Aging | |
| c. | Age | |
| d. | The meaning of life |
1 points
QUESTION 30
Early theories of aging, described later life as a:
| a. | Problem | |
| b. | normal, welcomed stage of life | |
| c. | rare and unique process | |
| d. | Too idiosyncratic for generalized description |
1 points
QUESTION 31
Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:
| a. | Sociocultural theories | |
| b. | Selective optimization with compensation | |
| c. | Model of Human Occupation | |
| d. | Stochastic theories |
1 points
QUESTION 32
Psychological theories of aging seek to explain
| a. | Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life | |
| b. | Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic | |
| c. | Relationships among older and younger individuals | |
| d. | The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life |
1 points
QUESTION 33
It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:
| a. | Too optimistic | |
| b. | Lacking in clarity | |
| c. | Too pessimistic | |
| d. | Too limited |
1 points
QUESTION 34
In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:
| a. | People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses | |
| b. | People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging | |
| c. | Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving | |
| d. | Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life |
1 points
QUESTION 35
Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:
| a. | The Model of Human Occupation | |
| b. | Evolutionary Theory | |
| c. | Cognition and Aging theories | |
| d. | Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
1 points
QUESTION 36
A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:
| a. | Theory of Free Radicals | |
| b. | Systems theory of motor control | |
| c. | Stochastic theories | |
| d. |
1 points
QUESTION 37
Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:
| a. | Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences | |
| b. | Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention | |
| c. | Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults | |
| d. | Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used |