PSY 3173 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Shift Work, Job Performance, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
10 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Class 3
Police stress
Organizational stressors: ex. Work culture difficult for women to feel like a part of
Occupational: hours, shift work is destructive to physical, mental health and social life,
constantly exposed to human suffering, a lot of paperwork
Criminal justice stressors: the justice system in general… their alarmed by the rate of recidivism,
unfavorable court decision
Public stressors: media being inaccurate or out of context that makes the police make bad, the
ineffectiveness of social service agencies (lack of funding), the police and supposed to get
assistance from them but if their ineffective it can cause stress
Job performance problems: decreased productivity, increase absentism, tardiness, early
retirement
Physical: higher rate of cardiovascular diseases and some type of cancer
Psychological: ptsd, high rate of depression, alcohol abuse and high rate of suicide
Class 3 slides
The psychology of Police investigation
Interrogation
A confession must be accompanied by evidence in Canada
Micheal was a suspect of arson and he did a polygraph test and he failed, this was used to
pressure him to confess. Confessed after several hours of pushing for a confession.
Supreme court decided he was guilty
They failed to tell him the polygraph test was inadmissible in court = supreme court decided that
his confession was voluntary
Outcome: 4 criteria to determine if a confession is voluntary or involuntary
● Were they promised something if they confess or threatened
● Was there any inhumane treatment
● Does the suspect have an operating mind (are they on drugs, alcohol or have mental
illnesses)
● What was the degree of police trickery (as long as it does not shock the public)
The Reid Model by John Reid
Developed by a polygrapher, model of investigation
Stage 1
Stage 2- important, they have not yet decided if you’re a good suspect, trying to detect if you’re
lying (main goal) when doing that police look for lying cues (if they’re looking right, or up or
talking fast… )
Stage 3- When the interrogator gets in the room with the suspect they strongly believe that the
suspect is guilty and they want a confession
The nine-step procedure (you should be able to explain in general how it works)
Sorta like good cop bad cop
Step 7: ex. “maybe you had too much to drink… that can be a mitigating circumstance in your
trial”
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
There’s a huge difference between Canada and the United States, its not a right in Canada to
have an attorney present during interogation, limited right to consult a lawyer if something
changes, you have a right to talk to your lawyer before
Minimization: excuses, sympathy
Maximization: scare tactics
Potential problems with this model
● Deception detection: police officers aren’t better than the general public at determining
deception
● Investigation bias
○ They look for confirmation so you’ll only pay attention to what confirms your belief
○ Kassim & Al. : conducted mock interrogation study. Some participants would be
interrogators and some suspects. Some interrogators were led to believe that the
suspect was guilty and the other were led to believe that they were guilty. The
mock crime was the suspect found a key and stole 100$ from a locked cabinet.
Half the suspects were not told about the crime, the other half were told that they
did commit the crime but not to admit it. The interrogators needed to find a way to
get them to confess. The results: the interrogators with guilty expectation asked
more questions that implied the guilt (ex. How did you find the key? Vs. did you
see a key?), higher frequency of interrogation techniques, they judged more
suspects to be guilty, they were more coercive especially against the ones that
were actually innocent, they view the ones they see as guilty as more defensive
● Coercive nature of investigation
The admissibility confessions
Hoilett was arrested for sexual assault, was arrested on crack cocaine and alcohol, they
removed his clothing and he was left naked in his cell for an hour and a half, at 3 he was given
clothing but no underwear and shoes to small, he was taken to be interrogated under the
influence of alcohol and crack and he said something incriminating, the judge said it was
admissible
After appealing they had a new trial without the confession as evidence
● Reason was inhumane treatment
● Eventually found guilty WITHOUT confession
The PEACE model of interrogation
● Based on information gathering rather than confession
● Prefer to use the term “Investigative interviewing”
● Instead of viewed of accusatory framework, inquisitional
Five-Step Model : witness not present for the first and last step
1. Prepare for questioning: unlike reid. Where, what is the background, what information do
I already have, what am I trying to accomplish (not necessarily a confession)
2. Engage and explain: talk to the suspect, explain how the interview works, why they’re
being interviewed, how long it might take
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Work culture difficult for women to feel like a part of. Occupational: hours, shift work is destructive to physical, mental health and social life, constantly exposed to human suffering, a lot of paperwork. Criminal justice stressors: the justice system in general their alarmed by the rate of recidivism, unfavorable court decision. Job performance problems: decreased productivity, increase absentism, tardiness, early retirement. Physical: higher rate of cardiovascular diseases and some type of cancer. Psychological: ptsd, high rate of depression, alcohol abuse and high rate of suicide. A confession must be accompanied by evidence in canada. Micheal was a suspect of arson and he did a polygraph test and he failed, this was used to pressure him to confess. Confessed after several hours of pushing for a confession. They failed to tell him the polygraph test was inadmissible in court = supreme court decided that his confession was voluntary. Outcome: 4 criteria to determine if a confession is voluntary or involuntary.
