BIO310H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Hemocyanin, Conformational Change, Globin

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10 Feb 2018

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Slide 8: with this curve, we are looking at the hemoglobin content, whenever you have the 50% of hgb saturated will give the tissue, the o2 content of about 26 or. Shifting to the left is the opposite: when tissue is at rest, there is less need for oxygen, hgb affinity to oxygen will be more. Slide 10: the effect of co2 and the proton or acidity, even when the curve shifts, there is one thing that doesn"t change. Increase in hydrogen ions will reduce the affinity. In lower ph, the curve will shift to the right: the shape of the curve and the saturation, the 50% saturation will stay the same, the only difference is the amount of blood transported to the tissue. Some also have the root-off shift: this is the same purpose, under lower ph, there will be a reduction in the affinity on hgb to oxygen, this is in fish hemoglobin.

Related Questions

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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Overview

How do you study pathophysiology? You have observed a case, and you have read many articles on topics related to how our body adapts to environmental toxins on a cellular level. Now you are going to go deeper in your observations to build your report.

Instructions

In at least 375 words, or 1.5 double-spaced pages, prepare a case report that addresses the following:

Based on the case study provided, respond to the following questions:

Identify and differentiate the symptoms from the signs in this patient.

What is the personal and social history of our patient?

What is the family history?

What results do you expect to find in the tests ordered?

What are some complications the patient is suffering now?

In regard to the patient's mother's breast cancer:

What are the four mechanisms of cellular adaptation? Explain.

What is the general classification of neoplasms according to their tissue of origin?

How would sickle cell anemia induce ischemia? What are the differences between ischemia and necrosis?

What are the differences between sickle cell anemia and leukemia? Compare their pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and lab results.

All references must be cited using APA Style format.

Case Study:

Personal Information

Name: Mr. Peter Smith

Age: 45 years old

Gender: Male

Description

Mr. Peter Smith came to the medical office complaining of fatigue, asthenia, headaches, and generalized abdominal pain. Our patient tells us that he has had a high fever, but he did not take his temperature. The patient has had previous episodes of abdominal pain and arthralgia. Also, he was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when he was a child. His father suffers from sickle cell anemia, diabetes mellitus, and essential hypertension. Our patientâs mother had a right radical mastectomy due to breast cancer a few years ago, and she suffers from sickle cell anemia, like Mr. Smith and his father. There is no other remarkable pathologic family history.

Mr. Smith drinks alcohol at least once per month and smoke cigarettes. He has no history of drug addiction. He is allergic to penicillin and iodine.

On physical we found:

Remarkable Signs on Physical Regions

Abdomen: Distended and painful on palpation, mostly on the left upper quadrant. Splenomegaly.

SOMA: Joint pain

Remarkable Signs on Physical by Systems

Integumentary system: Yellowish skin and pale nail beds. Superficial crater-like skin lesion on the right medial ankle area. An erythematous area accompanied by edema, purulent secretion, and heat surrounds the lesion.

Respiratory system: Tachypnea

Cardiovascular system: Tachycardia

Lab Tests

Complete blood count (CBC)

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

Abdominal ultrasound

EKG

Supporting Material

In order to understand Mr. Smith's case, we need to investigate the primary concepts of homeostasis at a cellular level and explore specific conditions when homeostasis is not present. How does our body adapt to environmental toxins? We will explore this question by looking at specific outcomes when there are deviations from homeostasis in three specific areas:

Cellular adaption and neoplasia

Infection, immunity, and inflammation

Hematological disorders

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