ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Hydronics, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

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ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Chemical Substance, Soil Fertility, Radionuclide

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Hydronics, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Cell Nucleus, Asthenosphere, Hydrogen Sulfide

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Water remains liquid over wide range of temperatures. Water exist in liquid form from 0 c all the way 100 c water. Water has a high heat capacity which means that water can absorb large amounts-of heat with only small changes in its temperature. Water molecules in ice off all the parts then in liquid water this means that ice is less dense than liquid water. Fresh water reaches its maximum density at 4 c water cooled at this temperature increases in density. When cooled below this temperature it became less dense. Water molecules bond well with each with other polar molecules because the positive end is one molecule bonds with the negative end of another. Water can hold in solution or dissolve many other molecules including chemicals necessary for life. In any aqueous solution a small number of water molecule dissociate apart forming hydrogen ions and hydronic ions.

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Chemistry 162 Lab Activity

Introduction Water has an amazing ability to adhere (stick) toitself and to other substances. Hydrogen bonds form when hydrogenatoms covalently bonded to nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine(F) in the form of covalent compounds such as ammonia (NH3), water(H2O) and hydrogen fluoride gas (HF). In these molecules, thehydrogen atoms do not pull as strongly on the shared electrons asthe N, O, or F atoms. Therefore, the molecules are polar; thehydrogen atoms become positively charged and are able to formhydrogen bonds to negative ions or negatively charged parts ofother molecules (such as the N, O, and F atoms that becomenegatively charged in these compounds). Hydrogen bonds are not truebonds like covalent bonds or ionic bonds. Hydrogen bonds areattractions of electrostatic force caused by the difference incharge between slightly positive hydrogen ions and other, slightlynegative ions. These attractions are much weaker than true ionic orcovalent bonds, but they are strong enough to result in someinteresting properties.

In the case of water, hydrogen bonds form between neighboringhydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules. Theattraction between individual water molecules creates a bond knownas a hydrogen bond (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Hydrogen bonds shown as the dotted lines between watermolecules.
Cohesion Molecules of pure substances are attracted to themselves.This sticking together of like substances is called cohesion.Depending on how attracted molecules of the same substance are toone another, the substance will be more or less cohesive. Hydrogenbonds cause water to be exceptionally attracted to each other.Therefore, water is very cohesive.
Adhesion Adhesion is similar to cohesion, but it involves unlike(i.e. different) substances sticking together. Water is veryadhesive; it sticks well to a variety of different substances.Water sticks to other things for the same reason it sticks toitself â because it is polar so it is attracted to substances thathave charges. In this lab activity, you will be asked to use thematerials and procedures provided to explore the properties ofwater that involve both cohesion and adhesion. Be sure to writedown your observations and results as you progress. sults as youprogress.

Fig. 1

Hydrogen bonds shown as the dotted

lines between water molecules.

Part 1:

Exploring Water

Procedure

How many drops of water can you fit on the surface of a pennywithout the water spilling over?

Predict how many drops of water will fit on a penny. Record yourprediction.

Use the plastic pipette to drop water on the surface of a penny.Drop car

efully and slowly to fit as

many drops as possible on the penny. Count each drop until thewater spills over the side of the

penny and record your results.

Compare your results to those of your classmates. Record therange and calculate the average

number

of drops that fit on a penny.

Add more drops to the penny, without letting the water spillover. Carefully observe and draw the

water on the penny.

Record

a hypothesis for the behavior of water that you observed, usingthe language of cohesion

and adhesion

in relation to the water and the penny.

Record your results and

thinking in your notebook.

Can you

disturb

the water on the penny without spilling it?

dd drops of water to the penny, until the water is almost readyto spill over.

Predict what will

happen when you insert a toothpick into the surface of the waterpiled on the

penny. Record your prediction.

Insert the

toothpick

and carefully observe the surface of the water.

Try inserting the

toothpick

in various ways. Observe the surface of the water.

Pay special attention to

the water surface where the skewer enters the water.

Record your observations and draw what you see.

Repeat

these

procedures using a paper clip and the metal clip part of abinder clip. Try to indent the

pile of water as much as p

ossible without spilling it.

Record your observations and dra

w what you see, paying careful

attention to the surface of the

water.

Record

a hypothesis for the behavior of water that you observed usingthe language of cohesion

and adhesion in relation to the

toothpick

, the paperclip, the binder clip, and the water.

Record your results and

thinking in your notebook.would you please answer the questionfor me . Thanks

1.Which of the following is a physical property?

A) ozone reacts with silver to give silver oxide

B) platinum metal does not react with hydrochloric acid

C) the density of lead

E) Sulfur burns in oxygen to form sulfur trioxide

2. Which of the following is a chemical property of gold?

A) is malleable

B) does not react with hydrochloric acid

C) is a good conductor of heat

D) is a good conductor of electricity

3) Which of the following is a physical change?

a) the freezing of water to form ice

B) the inability of gold react with water

C) the burning of paper

D) the sodium metal vigorously with water

E) the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid

4. Which one of the following would be classified as a heterogenous mixture?

A) copper nitrate solution

B) mix of table salt and black pepper

C) Salt water

D)brass

E) a sugar solution

5. Which of the following is a chemical change?

A) the boiling of water to form steam

B) crushing of lump of sulfur into yellow powder

C) the reaction of chlorine gas and sodium to form salt

E) hammering zinc into a thin film

6) An extensive property is

A) independent of the quantity of matter observed

B) difficult to measure

C) always strongly dependent on the external conditions

D) dependent on the quantity of matter observed

E) is a unique value regardless of the measurement conditions

7) Which of the following defines or expresses the concepts of accuracy?

A) average of the data

B) differences between the accepted answer and the average value of the data

C) deviation of the average

D) the closest value to the expected answer

E) reproducibility of a measurement

8) Hydrates are:

A) orgainc compounds that contain oxygen together with usual carbon and hydrogen

B) readily soluble in water and release energy

C) concentrated solutions of salts in water

D) moistyre sensitive hygroscopic inorganic salts

E) compounds in which each formula unit has one or more water molecules associated with it

9) Which of the following is the correct defintion of isomer?

A) Isomers are molecules with the same empirical formula but have different isotopes

B) Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but contain different istotopes.

C) Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

D) Isomers are molecules that have the same arrangements of atoms in space but different empirical and molecular formulas

E) Isomes are molecules that have the same empirical formula but different arrangements of atoms in space

10) Most water-soluble compounds of Group 1A or 2A elements are:

A) nonelectrolytes

B) weak electrolyes

C) weak acid

D) strong electrolytes

E) strong acids

11) to precipitate Cd2+(aq) from solution one could add:

A) KI(Aq)

B) NaCl(aq)

C) H2S(aq)

D)HNO3(aq)

E) HCl(aq)

12) Select a statement that best describe the oxidation process

A) in the oxidation process all elements experience an increase in oxidation state

B) in the oxidation process all elements change oxidation state

C) in the oxidation process some elements change their oxidation state

D) in the oxidation process some elements experience oxidation state increase

E) In the oxidation process only oxygen increases its oxidation state.

13. A disproportionation reaction is one in which:

A) the dame substance is oxidized and reduced

B) the equation is not balanced

C) both reactants are reduced

D) water must be added

C) more of one substance reacts than another

14) The energy of molecules of a gas:

A) is the same for all molecules at constant temperture

B) is dependent on concentration

C) increases with an increase in pressure

D) is distributed over a wide rande at constant temperature

E) increase with a decrease in temperture

15. The volume correction term in the van der Waals equation is present because:

A) molecules occupy volume

B) molecules attract each other

C) barometers are inaccurate

D) molecules repel each other

E) molecules are diatomic

Test 1-Multiple Choice: Choose and underline the best answer in each of the following statement/question.

_____1. Which of the following best differentiates an aldehyde from a ketone?

a. In aldehydes, carbon is bonded to a hydroxyl group.

b. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen group.

c. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to a carbonyl group.

d. In aldehydes, oxygen is bonded to an oxygen group.

_____2. Which of statement is not true about petroleum and its products?

a. Petroleum is fossil fuel.

b. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with sulfur as impurity.

c. There is no harm that comes from the use of petroleum products.

d. Petroleum comes from decomposition of materials of living origin.

_____3. Cooking gas or liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) is a mixture of C₃H₈ and C₄H₁₀. Which are these compounds?

a. pentane and butane b. methane and butane

c. propane and butane d. propane and methane

_____4. Which of the following compounds ionizes in water and, thus conducts electricity poorly?

a. acetic acid b. hydrochloric acid c. distilled water d. sodium hydroxide

_____5. A lead storage cell can function both as an electrolytic cell and as a voltaic cell. When a lead storage battery is being recharged, it converts ________ energy to_____--energy

a. chemical : electrical b. chemical to heat c. electrical to mechanical

_____6. The acid electrolyte in a lead storage battery is

a. HCl b. H₂SO₄ c. HNO₃ d. CH₃COOH

____7. The anode and cathode in a dry cell respectively are

a. Zn and C b. C and Zn c. Pb and PbO₂ d. PbO₂ and Pb

____8. What is the proper name for the compound CH₃CH₂CH₃?

a. ethane b. propane c.butane d. pentane

____9. Which of the following is the simplest hydrocarbon?

a. CH₂ b. C₂H₄ c. CH₃ d. CH₄

____10. Hydrocarbons such as CH₂ =CH₂ are said t be

a. ionic b. aromatic c. saturated d. unsaturated

_____11. Which of the following best describes hydrocarbons?

a. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

b. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

c. flammable covalent compound that are insoluble in water and are less dense than water

d. flammable covalent compounds that are soluble in water and less dense than water

_____12. Which of the following will result if hexane and water are mixed?

a. an explosion

b. clear solution of hexane dissolved in water

c. a layer of hexane on top of a layer of water

d. a layer of water on top of a layer of hexane

_____13.Which of the following is not a gas?

a. ethene b. octane c. methane d. acetylene

_____14. Which of the following is another name for wood alcohol?

a. methanol b. propanol c. grain alcohol d. rubbing alcohol

_____15. Which of the following alcohols groups are found in beverages?

a. ethyl b. methyl c. denatured d. wood

_____16. Which of the following is the only element present in organic compounds?

a. hydrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. nitrogen

_____17. Which of the following is chlorofluorocarbon?

a. C₃F₈ b. CHF₃ c. CFCl₃ d. CHCl₃

_____18.What percent of alcohol is present in vodka which is 90 proof?

a. 9 b. 45 c. 90 d. 180

____20. Which of the following is formed when carbohydrates undergo fermentation process?

a. ethanol b. methanol c. glucose d. formaldehyde

_____21. In ethene, the two carbon atoms are joined by a

a.single bond b. double bond c. triple d. ionic

____22. The IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CHCH₂CH₃ is

CH₂CH₃

a. 3-methylpentane b. 3-ethylpentane c. 2-ehtylpentane d. 2-methylpentane

____23. The IUPAC name of CH₃-O-CH₃ is

a. methoxymethane b. ethylether c. dimethylether d. dimethyloxide

____24. Which is an alcohol?

a. C₆H₆

b. CH₃-C-CH₃

c. CH₃-O-CH₃

d. CH₃OH

____25. A group which both aldehydes and ketones have in common is

a.-C=O b. âOH c. âO- d. -COOH

___26. The aroma associated with this class of compounds is regarded as pleasant.

a. amides b. esters c. carboxylic acids d. ketones

____27. The IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CHO is

a. propanone b. propanol c. propanal d. propionic acid

____28.The âCOOH group is called

a. aldehyde group b. hydroxyl group c. carbonyl group d. carboxylic group

____29.The alkyl group of butane is

a. C₂H₃ b. C₃H₅ c.C₄H₇ d. C₄H₉

____30. The simplest alkene is

a. CH=CH b. CH₂=CH₃ c. CH₂=CH₂ d. CH₃CH=CH₂

Test 2. Answer the following questions completely.(3 points each)

1.Why are alcohols of lower molecular weight more soluble in water than those with higher molecular weights?

2. Which of the following pairs of compounds has

a. higher bolilng point:1-bromopentane or 1-chloropentane _____________________

b. the greater density: heptanes or octane ______________________
c. the higher boiling point :pentyl alcohol or pentylamine ______________________

d. the higher boiling point: hexylamine or dipropylamine ______________________

3. Explain why each of the following names are incorrect.Give the correct IUPAC name.

a. 3-Butanone

b. 1-Butanone

4. What is unique about carbon atom that makes it form numerous compounds?

5. Acetone or propanone is completely soluble in water,but 4-heptanone is completely insoluble.Explain.

Test 3.. Give the name and chemical formula of the functional group of each of the following organic groups. The first one has been done for you.

Organic Group	Functional chemicalfFormula	Functional group name
1.Alkanes	-C-C-	carbon carbon single bond
2.Alkenes
3.Alkynes
4.Alcohols
5. Aldehydes
6. Ketones
7. Thiols
8. Ethers
9.Carboxylic acids
10.Esters
11. Amines
12. Amides

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Hydronics, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Chemical Substance, Soil Fertility, Radionuclide

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Hydronics, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

ENV100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Cell Nucleus, Asthenosphere, Hydrogen Sulfide

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