BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Whole Genome Sequencing, Autosome, Epistasis

14 views4 pages

pinkzebra766

14 Aug 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

3363410481 and 37710 others unlocked

BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

Verified Note

18 documents

Document Summary

Outcomes can occur simultaneously and the occurrence of one does not impact the likelihood of the other. Possible outcomes cannot occur simultaneously (either of say 2 mutually exclusive events occurring). The probability of rolling a seven in any combination. Segregation of one set of alleles of a gene pair is independent of the segregation of another set of alleles of a different gene pair. The 9:3:3:1 ratio all combinations can happen only when none of the traits are linked. Being dominant for o(cid:374)e ge(cid:374)e, colour, does(cid:374)"t (cid:373)ake (cid:455)ou do(cid:373)i(cid:374)a(cid:374)t for a(cid:374)other ge(cid:374)e, te(cid:454)ture. Independent assortment of genes in different chromosomes reflects the fact that non-homologous chromosomes can orient in either of two ways that are equally likely. Note: not all genes undergo independent assortment! E. g. genes close together on the same chromosome = linked genes; do not assort independently. Epistasis: genes that modify the phenotypic expression of other genes.

Related Questions

Question 1

What would be the dimensions of a Punnett square for the cross Hh x hh?

		4 x 4
		2 x 2
		2 x 1
		1 x 1

Question 2

In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (G) codes for grey and the recessive allele (g) codes for black fur. The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is homozygous recessive. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes possible in their puppies by using a Punnett Square. (provide answers on one line with commas between - xx, xx, xx, xx)

Genotypes: , ,

Phenotypes: ,

Question 3

The fundamental Mendelian process which involves the separation of alleles located at the same spot on the chromosome would be called ___.

		segregation
		independent assortment
		continuous variation
		discontinuous variation

Question 4

Using the information given on dominant and recessive traits, state the phenotype for each genotype. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers in pea plants.

-A.B.C.	PP_____________
-A.B.C.	Pp____________
-A.B.C.	pp_______________

A.	purple flowers
B.	purple flowers
C.	white flowers

Question 5

In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (G) codes for grey and the recessive allele (g) codes for black fur. The female dog has black fur and the male dog is homozygous dominant. Make a Punnett square to determine the chance of getting each genotype and phenotype below.

-A.B.	Probability of GG:
-A.B.	Probability of Gg:
-A.B.	Probability of gg:
-A.B.	Probability of gray fur:
-A.B.	Probability of black fur:

A.	100
B.	0

Question 6

Using the information given on dominant and recessive traits, state the phenotype for each genotype. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds in pea plants.

-A.B.C.	RR______________
-A.B.C.	Rr _____________
-A.B.C.	rr ____________

A.	round seeds
B.	wrinkled seeds
C.	round seeds

Question 7

Using the information given on dominant and recessive traits, state the phenotype for each genotype. Hairy knuckles are dominant to non-hairy knuckles in humans.

-A.B.C.	HH_____________
-A.B.C.	Hh ___________
-A.B.C.	hh _________________

A.	non-hairy knuckles
B.	hairy knuckles
C.	hairy knuckles

Question 8

An allele is ___.

		one of the bases in DNA
		an alternate form of a gene
		another term for epistasis
		present only in males and is responsible for sex determination

Question 9

In a cross of a round hybrid pea with a true breeding round parent (Rr x RR), what genotypic proportions would be observed in the offspring?

		Half heterozygous, half homozygous dominant
		Half round, half wrinkled
		All heterozygous
		All round

Question 10

What would be the dimensions of a Punnett Square depicting a dihybrid cross?

		1 x 4
		2 x 4
		4 x 4
		2 x 2

QUESTION 1

Jim is blood type A, his brother John is type O and his sister Jane is type AB. What are the genotypes of their parents?

Which of the following is true for alleles that show incomplete dominance?

Heterozygotes have a genotype like the dominant allele.

Homozygotes have a genotype like the recessive allele.

Heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygotes have the same phenotype as the heterozygotes.

QUESTION 3

Which principle of inheritance concluded that when games are formed in meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate from one another, and each gamete receives only one allele?

independent assortment

Which term best describes a condition in which alleles at one locus can alter the expression of alleles at another locus?

polygenic inheritance

A single unit of genetic information located on a chromosome defines:

The physical expression (appearance or function) of an organism's genes defines:

genotype

a single characteristic

Palomino horses (golden color with a blond mane) are an incompletely dominant trait produced by the combination of the chestnut color allele and the cream color allele. If you wanted to produce as many palominos as possible, which mating strategy below would be the best choice?

Which term best describes the effect of a single gene on multiple aspects of the phenotype?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 9

Which term best describes the separate expression of both alleles for a single trait in the same cell?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 10

One form of a gene found on a single chromosome defines:

A chocolate lab (whose mother was a yellow lab) is mated with a black lab whose genotype is BbEe. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to be yellow labs?

What type of allele is always expressed regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for it?

Both the dominant and recessive alleles

Given the parents AABBGgHhrr Ã AabbGgHhRr, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to have the genotype AaBbggHHrr?

___________________ is defined as having two of the same type of allele for a particular trait.

The physical position of an allele on a single chromosome defines:

Which term best describes two or more genes affecting the phenotype in an additive fashion?

codominance

polygenic inheritance

1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:

a.	by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant.

b.	by many genes with an additive effect.

c.	by epistatic interactions between two genes.

d.	mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component.

2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.

a.	Her mother must be red-green colorblind.

b.	All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind.

c.	Her father must be red-green colorblind.

d.	All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind.

3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:

a.	structure of DNA is a double helix.

b.	two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases.

c.	four bases within DNA pair in a specific way.

d.	two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases.

4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.

a.	one nucleotide specifies

b.	two nucleotides specify

c.	three nucleotides specify

d.	four nucleotides specify

5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:

a.	independent assortment.

b.	nondisjunction.

c.	segregation.

d.	crossing over.

6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:

a.	0.16 (16%)

b.	0.24 (24%)

c.	0.36 (36%)

d.	0.48 (48%)

7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:

a.	phenotype.

gene.

c.	population.

d.	nucleotide.

8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?

a.	This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes.

b.	This plant would produce only RrYy gametes.

c.	This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes.

d.	You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents.

9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:

a.	percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides.

b.	four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism.

c.	percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides.

d.	genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA.

10. During DNA replication:

a.	each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand.

b.	the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized.

c.	the bases A,C,G and T are required.

d.	All of the above are true of DNA replication.

11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:

12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.

a.	RR and rr.

RR and Rr

Rr and rr

d.	Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype.

mauvefox570

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Whole Genome Sequencing, Autosome, Epistasis

BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Sister Chromatids, Punnett Square, Nuclear Membrane

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 32: Genetic Testing, Whole Genome Sequencing, Wyandotte Chicken

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Pea, Walter Sutton, Dihybrid Cross

Related Questions